tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46574490991679239172024-03-05T17:04:56.532+08:00Without Belief Bias這是番茄(LYH)的部落格,目的是儲存我的思考過程、與他人討論的想法、記錄各種實驗,內容絕對原創,盡力保持客觀嚴謹,但時常缺乏他人的校訂,歡迎任何人評論、討論,早期(2013以前)的文章大部分缺乏文獻回顧。番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.comBlogger90125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-89650283335779332613001-01-30T01:17:00.000+08:002018-01-30T15:20:48.368+08:00Featured Articles AbstractThis is a list of my featured articles. Some are abstracted below. If you want a translated version, please don't hesitate to <a href="mailto:tll549@yahoo.com.tw" target="_blank">contact me.</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>For your reference, I was 20 years old (sophomore) at 2014, 16 at 2010.<br />
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<h2>
Statistics Related</h2>
<ul>
<li>
2015. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2015/12/swear-words-in-review-regiospecificity.html" target="_blank">Swear Words in Review: Regiospecificity and Predictability </a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>This report is aimed to answer the following two questions. 1. Does the use of swear words have any regiospecificity that result in heterogeneous in the data? 2. Does the use of swear words in customers' review have an impact on the ratings they gave? Can it predict the stars they gave toward a business? Mainly, analysis using ANOVA on metropolis, multiple regression on ratings are performed. Results indicate that the usage of swear words is different by region and 25 of 45 swear words have predictability on the rating a customer gave. All code and files can be obtained from the link in the end. </li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2014. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2014/01/facebook-v2.html" target="_blank">Influential Factors of the Numbers of Likes on Facebook</a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>In six months, I posted different type of posts on Facebook, varying from all sorts of content I can imagine of. Recorded the number of likes and categorized the content. Using linear regression and dummy coding, I confirmed that there are some factors are significantly correlated to the number of likes, such as love-related content, the number of tag, the timing it posts (10:30 PM is the best time).</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h2>
Psychology Related</h2>
<ul>
<li>
2014. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2014/01/causal-cognitioncausal-process-theory.html" target="_blank">Theory of Psychological and Physical Causation: An Integration of Causal Cognition and Causal Process Theory</a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>I tried to develop a theory that make two theories from different fields coherent, causal cognition in psychology and causal process theory in philosophy developed by Dowe (2000). I proposed a prerequisite that if it is satisfied, psychological causation (defined by causal cognition) will contain physical causation (defined by causal process theory). Where this condition (c) is: sufficient information and logically correct causal reasoning. In this artical, I gave specific definitions from previous literature, examples for different conditions and possibly replies to critics.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2014. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2014/02/rumination.html" target="_blank">Rumination</a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>A series of articles aim to evoke cognitive dissonance, pointing out the irrationality of human behavior and the discrepancy between beliefs and behaviors. Included topics: Gap of wealth (people only willing to help poors when they see the needs, ignore them otherwise), Social feedback (people take as much as resources they can from the society but most of them refuse of have no ability to payback), Happiness, Games of rules, Interest, Greed, Life value, The scheme of moral.<br />
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h2>
Literature Reviews</h2>
<ul>
<li>
2016. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2014/03/blog-post.html" target="_blank">Egg or no egg? The effect of cholesterol intakes on body pool and its mechanism: A simple review</a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2014. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2014/06/blog-post.html" target="_blank">The Evolutionary Meaning of Female Orgasm</a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>Review eight controversial theories trying to explain the evolutionary meaning of female orgrasm. This cannot be simply explained by reinforcement. Also, female orgasms are significantly different and more complex than male orgrams. </li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2014. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2014/03/blog-post_12.html" target="_blank">Religious Exclusiveness, Theistic Evolution and Ockham's Razor</a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>Exclusiveness is a necessary trait for religion to grow, as meme.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2014. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">Intro to Humor</a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>Humor is an important trait in mate selection. As it is a traint reflect intellectual ability, therefore, its weight is different for men or women. </li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2013. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2013/10/blog-post_5.html" target="_blank">The Essence of Life and Free Will </a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
<li>From the perspective of a little program, the game of lifes, to discuss the origin and the essence of life - existence.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2010. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2010/10/blog-post.html" target="_blank">Intro to Polygyny</a><br />
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</li>
</ul>
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<h2>
Others</h2>
<ul>
<li>
2014. [Humanities] <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2014/10/blog-post_24.html" target="_blank">Evolution, Nihilism and Tragic Pleasure</a><br />
<ul>
<li>An explanation of the origin of Nihilism from the perspective of evolution, and link to tragic pleasure, the pleasure comes from seeing a tragedy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2014. [Behavioral Economics] <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2014/02/blog-post.html" target="_blank">Hope: The Cause of Irrational Behaviors and Its Value</a><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2011. [Math] <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2011/07/blog-post.html" target="_blank">The Area of the Inner Wheels of a Turning Car</a><br />
<ul>
<li>Used numerical method to approximate the area of the inner wheels. Unable to obatain an analytic solution. </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2010. [Information Theory] <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2010/08/blog-post_21.html" target="_blank">Loss of Information in Communication</a><br />
<ul>
<li>Defined dichotomous correctness on information. Approximate the change of correctness under information transmission by statistics. Found the correctness of information will converge to 0.5 rapidly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2010. [Physics] <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2010/08/blog-post.html" target="_blank">Infinitely Elastic collision</a><br />
<ul>
<li>Defined the state of static under Heinsberg's uncertainty principle, under this definition, calculate the time for balls needed to stop jumping on the ground.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
2010. [Physics] <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html" target="_blank">How to Pause the Time</a><br />
<ul>
<li>Defined time as the observation of movements. Proposed a pause of time is a state of removal of all energy.<br />
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Experiments</h2>
<ul>
<li>2012. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2012/07/blog-post_24.html" target="_blank">The effect of Insulin on Memory</a></li>
<ul>
<li>Used blood suger as a measure of insulin, the number of vocabulary as a measure of memory. Corroboated the result from thesis.</li>
</ul>
<li>2010. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post.html" target="_blank">Sleep Deprivation and Polyphasic Sleep </a></li>
<li>2009. <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2009/08/blog-post_17.html" target="_blank">Stun Grenade</a></li>
<ul>
<li>Used magnesium as main material to make stun grenade, tried different compound to ignite magnesium powder.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<br />番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-27402595695942987063000-01-01T08:38:00.000+08:002017-10-10T14:43:52.713+08:00導覽<div style="text-align: right;">
最後更新:20140705</div>
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<a name='more'></a>人生系列<br />
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/02/v2.html">人生說明書</a></li>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/03/blog-post_19.html">必敗的人生:結果論、過程論與人生意義</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
本質探討系列<br />
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2013/10/blog-post_5.html">生命的本質與自由意志</a> (物理、哲學、心理) </li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/causal-cognitioncausal-process-theory.html">心物因果理論:整合Causal Cognition與Causal Process Theory的因果理論</a> (哲學、物理、心理)</li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/03/blog-post.html">論理性與感性</a> (哲學、心理) </li>
</ul>
<br />
現象分析<br />
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/02/blog-post_6.html">幽默概論</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2010/08/blog-post_21.html">資訊傳遞失真率</a> </li>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2010/10/blog-post.html">一夫多妻制概論</a></li>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2009/07/blog-post.html">為什麼總是男追女而不是女追男</a></li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/06/blog-post.html" target="_blank">女性性高潮的演化意義</a> </li>
</ul>
<br />
心理學<br />
<ul>
<li>認知失調系列</li>
<ul>
<li>導讀 - <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/02/rumination.html">Rumination</a></li>
<li>當和諧成為奢望</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/blog-post_18.html">論貧富</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/blog-post_19.html">論社會回饋</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/blog-post_20.html">論快樂</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/blog-post_21.html">論規則遊戲</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/blog-post_4034.html">論興趣</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/blog-post_24.html">論為何貪婪</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/blog-post_752.html">論人生價值</a> </li>
</ul>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/blog-post_22.html">道德陰謀論:原始道德與教育</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/02/blog-post.html">論希望:負期望值行為的由來與價值</a></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<br />
議題探討<br />
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/02/blog-post_10.html">論下輩子要當男人好還女人好:社會化與演化角度</a></li>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2009/08/blog-post_18.html">中文髒話大全</a></li>
</ul>
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實驗<br />
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/facebook-v2.html">影響Facebook動態消息得讚比之因素分析</a></li>
<li> <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2012/07/blog-post_24.html">胰島素與睡眠對記憶之影響實驗探討</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
其他<br />
<ul>
<li>[數學] <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2011/07/blog-post.html">內輪差面積計算與證明</a> </li>
<li>[宗教] <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/03/blog-post_12.html">談信仰排他性、神導演化論與奧卡姆剃刀原理</a> </li>
<li>[物理] <a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html">靜止時空</a></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(此篇導覽以日期置頂)</span><br />
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番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-30651855912538386352017-02-04T18:17:00.000+08:002017-02-04T18:18:44.481+08:00一分鐘解決Bootcamp無線網路速度超慢/不穩 (Windows)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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有些機型在Mac上利用Bootcamp運行Windows後無線網路有時會變非常慢,甚至斷掉,ping值飆高,重開機可以解決,但不久後又會恢復,可能是在運行某些特定程式後發生。<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXYVy-AmEtChO7x_8_psT9fzeZbcu329DJdiJEPhnnXHbZ02nmaVeX9XWs2FSENzK1bHGRq0K5qVLgPpYuO06Y_w3JXUG8bPQKdys0g3x9ork8PN_R-myxPW6tF_ktsOnAuMR7nCeoVu8/s1600/6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXYVy-AmEtChO7x_8_psT9fzeZbcu329DJdiJEPhnnXHbZ02nmaVeX9XWs2FSENzK1bHGRq0K5qVLgPpYuO06Y_w3JXUG8bPQKdys0g3x9ork8PN_R-myxPW6tF_ktsOnAuMR7nCeoVu8/s320/6.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a name='more'></a><br />
這可以在命令提示字元中輸入<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
ping -t google.com</blockquote>
來確認,如果「時間」突然升高就可能是這個問題。「-t」是持續ping主機不停止,按control + c可以中斷。後面要ping哪個伺服器則是隨意。<br />
<br />
這個問題似乎是來自Broadcom的驅動程式在更新後與Mac的硬體有衝突。值得慶幸的是舊的驅動程式似乎會被自動保留,所以解決方式非常簡單。<br />
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先到控制台中的裝置管理員中找到<b>Broadcom 802.11n網路卡</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJ9C6QD-obrrEGsJJmuOiWaK0_1_UuoHd5V7gOgK2zQIueIYyEkIvQ3SFabpbLiy_taOzxg7UdLnDZWF-y4AGrzgKCDATKe5dxH20ar4a8Jd2rl5tY0dyVfnEmkM3865hagKJBuH-hFU/s1600/1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJ9C6QD-obrrEGsJJmuOiWaK0_1_UuoHd5V7gOgK2zQIueIYyEkIvQ3SFabpbLiy_taOzxg7UdLnDZWF-y4AGrzgKCDATKe5dxH20ar4a8Jd2rl5tY0dyVfnEmkM3865hagKJBuH-hFU/s320/1.PNG" width="273" /></a></div>
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點進去後按<b>更新驅動程式</b> <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-QN6_iWI24GgsgLWLQIYySprBy-yPlzTChiMy7d3b1Wt_dGrX_gSsVCXP4sqqhMQ_gHmaUsBod2XMlNH5Rr7qQouHpMG9RvG1_9s9c1It1vx8-VJ2amvFmWhKzTsFDq4uwqPJU2mNi7c/s1600/2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-QN6_iWI24GgsgLWLQIYySprBy-yPlzTChiMy7d3b1Wt_dGrX_gSsVCXP4sqqhMQ_gHmaUsBod2XMlNH5Rr7qQouHpMG9RvG1_9s9c1It1vx8-VJ2amvFmWhKzTsFDq4uwqPJU2mNi7c/s320/2.PNG" width="287" /></a></div>
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<b>瀏覽電腦上的驅動程式軟體</b> <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXOCqQTqjgz0zEPWU6SxtsPHyMsH8WNrip-PEhKL8naw0EmL-BkqJvvL0ARHKby84HMDJdy5peDlC51k5AdPpqFlApxYbAY-TT9A9Ga5GK5Jo_CkXvnG6TYQofGk95cqJNJZlzk4r8RUg/s1600/3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXOCqQTqjgz0zEPWU6SxtsPHyMsH8WNrip-PEhKL8naw0EmL-BkqJvvL0ARHKby84HMDJdy5peDlC51k5AdPpqFlApxYbAY-TT9A9Ga5GK5Jo_CkXvnG6TYQofGk95cqJNJZlzk4r8RUg/s320/3.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>讓我從電腦上的裝置驅動程式清單中挑選</b> <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDmvwomwgPdIONNg575SEnLii_fAJPwxZmOQGHhUoUfpFDJGF9RKL5VZweqQYyShxxW3equaBLj_XjRhyphenhyphenkZOTk6uAnRwTXSrhTmrGCDkhf3oq02IM5tgzIMHjtJDib9RZgS1v9TPkfWyY/s1600/4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDmvwomwgPdIONNg575SEnLii_fAJPwxZmOQGHhUoUfpFDJGF9RKL5VZweqQYyShxxW3equaBLj_XjRhyphenhyphenkZOTk6uAnRwTXSrhTmrGCDkhf3oq02IM5tgzIMHjtJDib9RZgS1v9TPkfWyY/s320/4.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
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選較舊的版本安裝就好了! <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ-2-tWGVJbrbEAgi_0snYm-H1CVpMtpvi6yfBxr9lSaM7DxKW5NDciI-aC5j2vSkG0Hjk6Jg-u87psMpMWVumI2o70HpNWqJ0_pKf8SBie29MyBPbHnTBgKyaTIK0Q4m98XjikV65o0Y/s1600/5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ-2-tWGVJbrbEAgi_0snYm-H1CVpMtpvi6yfBxr9lSaM7DxKW5NDciI-aC5j2vSkG0Hjk6Jg-u87psMpMWVumI2o70HpNWqJ0_pKf8SBie29MyBPbHnTBgKyaTIK0Q4m98XjikV65o0Y/s320/5.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
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如圖,在重新安裝驅動程式後便迅速恢復連線速度了。<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXYVy-AmEtChO7x_8_psT9fzeZbcu329DJdiJEPhnnXHbZ02nmaVeX9XWs2FSENzK1bHGRq0K5qVLgPpYuO06Y_w3JXUG8bPQKdys0g3x9ork8PN_R-myxPW6tF_ktsOnAuMR7nCeoVu8/s1600/6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXYVy-AmEtChO7x_8_psT9fzeZbcu329DJdiJEPhnnXHbZ02nmaVeX9XWs2FSENzK1bHGRq0K5qVLgPpYuO06Y_w3JXUG8bPQKdys0g3x9ork8PN_R-myxPW6tF_ktsOnAuMR7nCeoVu8/s320/6.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-49782176397124636082017-01-24T21:45:00.000+08:002017-02-04T18:18:18.778+08:00不再誤打,讓Windows快速切換到指定的輸入法<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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你是否常常會打字打到一半卻發現全變成英文亂碼?或是想打英文時打了半天游標還停在原地?<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/1.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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別懷疑!每個人和你的困擾都是一樣的!本篇就是要教你如何製作兩個快捷鍵,不管現在處在哪種輸入模式,一個鍵切換到中文,一個鍵切換到英文,這就對了!從此之後打字前只要養成習慣,先按一下中文鍵再開始打,就一定會是中文,按一下英文鍵再開始打,就一定會是英文!雖然缺點是每次都要多按一個鍵,但本篇還會教你如何把平常一定要組合才有用的Alt/Ctrl/Win鍵變成單獨按一下也可有用的快速鍵!只要將中文鍵放在左Alt、英文鍵放在右Alt,打字前閒閒沒事的拇指按一下就可以保證不會打錯了!<br />
<br />
關鍵字:輸入語言、輸入法、快捷鍵、注音亂碼、AutoHotKey<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><h3>
新增英文鍵盤配置</h3>
<br />
假如你目前的鍵盤配置只有微軟注音,請依下面步驟新增英文鍵盤。<br />
<br />
首先到開始→設定→時間與語言<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/2.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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<br />
地區與語言→新增語言<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/3.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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<br />
英文→英文(美國)<br />
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<br />
<h3>
安裝其他注音輸入法</h3>
<br />
這步非必須,只使用預設的微軟注音也可以,但有時會較麻煩,因若某些程式的輸入框預設是英文,則微軟注音便會切換回英文,例如在瀏覽器的網址列便是如此。<br />
<br />
個人推薦任選一套安裝<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://chewing.im/download.html">新酷音輸入法</a>(完全免費) </li>
<li><a href="http://www.iq-t.com/PRODUCTS/going10_01.asp#download">新自然輸入法</a>(免費閹割版)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
設定AutoHotKey腳本</h3>
<br />
這步是將切換輸入法定義(map)到想要的快捷鍵,並不一定要用AutoHotKey來達成,Windows內建也可以重新定義到某些快捷鍵,但只限於用Ctrl + Shift + 0~9或Alt + Shift + 0~9,作為常用的快速鍵十分不便,因此還是建議使用AutoHotKey。內建的方法補充在文末。<br />
<br />
首先<a href="http://ahkscript.org/download/ahk-install.exe">下載AutoHotKey</a> (<a href="http://ahkscript.org/">官網</a>),並安裝。<br />
<br />
接著開新文字檔,將下面的代碼貼上後存成任意檔名.ahk。 <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
RAlt::PostMessage, 0x50, 0, 0x4090409,, A<br />
LAlt::PostMessage, 0x50, 0, 0x4040404,, A</blockquote>
<br />
這兩行的功能是將::前的按鍵,右Alt或左Alt定義成後面的功能,也就是將現在的鍵盤配置切換為中文(0x4040404)或英文(0x4090409)。同理,你也可以設定成自己想要的任何按鍵(例如,Capslock、LWin、LCtrl、AppsKey)。用這種方式重新指定修飾鍵(Modifier,也就是Alt、Ctrl這類要和其他按鍵組合才有功能的鍵)並不會破壞其他快速鍵,因此相當於是鍵盤多了一個快捷鍵。<br />
<br />
到這邊就完成了,習慣後便不會再打錯了。Mac也有類似的方法,利用Karabiner中的ModifierFlag可以達成同樣效果。<br />
<br />
<h3>
偵測當前鍵盤配置</h3>
<br />
以下提供偵測目前的鍵盤配置的語法,如果你使用中文或英文以外的輸入法,可以同理製作快速鍵。 <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
checkCurrentKeyboardLayout() {<br />
SetFormat, Integer, H ; format 67699721 into 0x4090409<br />
WinGet, WinID,, A<br />
ThreadID := DllCall("GetWindowThreadProcessId", "Int", WinID, "Int", "0")<br />
InputLocaleID := DllCall("GetKeyboardLayout", "Int", ThreadID)<br />
msgbox %InputLocaleID%<br />
return<br />
}</blockquote>
<br />
<h3>
Windows內建的設定快捷鍵方法</h3>
<br />
延續新增語言後的設定畫面,選取其他日期、時間及區域設定<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/6.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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<br />
語言<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/7.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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<br />
進階設定<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/8.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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<br />
變更語言列快速鍵<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/9.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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<br />
選取切換到 中文→變更按鍵順序,便可以設定快捷鍵<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/10.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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<br />
接著到右下角的工具列→在ㄅ左邊的英或中上點右鍵→內容<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/11.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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<br />
預設輸入模式選取中文模式。這個設定的目的是讓微軟注音預設都在中文輸入模式(也就是按shift前的狀態),但在遇到輸入框強制指定的時候仍會被強制切換。<img src="file:///C:/Users/T/Desktop/Input%20method%20shortcut/12.PNG?lastModify=1485264691" /><br />
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<br />番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-69445182301580970002016-09-20T23:00:00.000+08:002016-09-20T23:02:29.958+08:00吃蛋不吃蛋?膽固醇攝取對於體內膽固醇含量的影響與其機制:文獻回顧<br />
<head>
<title>吃蛋不吃蛋?膽固醇攝取對於體內膽固醇含量的影響之文獻回顧</title>
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<body>
吃蛋不吃蛋?膽固醇攝取對於體內膽固醇含量的影響與其機制:文獻回顧<br />
<h1 id="toc_0">
Egg or no egg? The effect of cholesterol intakes on body pool and its mechanism: A simple review</h1>
<strong>關鍵字</strong> dietary cholesterol, 膽固醇攝取 (cholesterol consumption), 補償機制 (compensatory mechanism), 膽固醇濃度 (cholesterol concentration), 心血管疾病 (cardiovascular disease (CVD))<br />
<h1 id="toc_1">
前言</h1>
血液中膽固醇含量與心血管疾病有明顯的關聯<sup id="fnref1"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn1" rel="footnote">1</a></sup>,但飲食習慣對於血液中膽固醇濃度的影響卻眾說紛紜,過去許多坊間報導宣稱攝取過多膽固醇會提高血液中膽固醇濃度<sup id="fnref2"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn2" rel="footnote">2</a></sup>,但近期卻有報導稱已有研究證實是無關的<sup id="fnref3"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn3" rel="footnote">3</a></sup>。因此本文目的為回顧過去學術研究論文,整理目前學界對於膽固醇攝取是否會影響血液中膽固醇濃度的議題之共識。<br />
若不在乎研究歷史脈絡,欲先知道結論,請直接跳至文末最新進展之結論。<br />
<a name='more'></a><html>
<h2 id="toc_2">
聲明</h2>
本篇是簡單的文獻回顧,不包含任何實驗,旨在快速呈現過去的研究及其進展,為求簡要,必然無法討論實驗嚴謹性及爭議之處,重點之節選純屬個人主觀看法,如需完整資訊,建議閱讀原文。對於任何推論,本文不負任何責任。<br />
<h1 id="toc_3">
機制 (1971)</h1>
<h2 id="toc_4">
吸收與合成</h2>
Wilson (1964)<sup id="fnref4"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn4" rel="footnote">4</a></sup>及Taylor & Ho (1967)<sup id="fnref5"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn5" rel="footnote">5</a></sup>利用動物(狗、老鼠)進行實驗,餵食以同位素標記的膽固醇,發現長期下來體內的膽固醇大多數都是有標記的,而自行合成的只佔一小部分,這表示膽固醇攝取量變多後合成的機制就會受到壓抑。<br />
至於在人類是否也是依循相同的機制呢?有些研究者認為無論如何攝取進的膽固醇都會被吸收<sup id="fnref6"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn6" rel="footnote">6</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref7"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn7" rel="footnote">7</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref8"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn8" rel="footnote">8</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref9"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn9" rel="footnote">9</a></sup>,但後續研究發現,人體似乎為防止長期食物裡有太多膽固醇,故會限制吸收的總量,在經過相同的同位素標記法的實驗後,發現人的血漿裡的膽固醇中來自飲食的比例依然較少<sup id="fnref10"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn10" rel="footnote">10</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref11"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn11" rel="footnote">11</a></sup>,顯示人的機制應該是更傾向於抑制吸收。<br />
到目前為止,研究顯示當人體攝取的膽固醇過多時的平衡機制有:<br />
<ul>
<li>減少吸收(absorption)</li>
<li>抑制體內合成(synthesis)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="toc_5">
再排放</h2>
Quintao等人<sup id="fnref12"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn12" rel="footnote">12</a></sup>令8位受試者進行高膽固醇飲食,並測量血漿中膽固醇濃度、吸收之膽固醇量,利用平衡法(sterol balance procedure)計算體內之殘留膽固醇,發現體內殘留之膽固醇並不會直接反應在血漿中膽固醇濃度上。<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-430a1bDPaNgZZw8Sc1AZxjeP7izbQLDEVx-JJ3c_xTwkQZ5FEXPpPQSsJW48aDvIPoj8qNbp4Ko_ZVcICKgLRl4Jt0T0hK3FuQjwNBRMp6jJ7ByA-68HvdyUsu4gyEDKZRbs0VvVJVo/s1600/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-09-20+20.35.11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-430a1bDPaNgZZw8Sc1AZxjeP7izbQLDEVx-JJ3c_xTwkQZ5FEXPpPQSsJW48aDvIPoj8qNbp4Ko_ZVcICKgLRl4Jt0T0hK3FuQjwNBRMp6jJ7ByA-68HvdyUsu4gyEDKZRbs0VvVJVo/s640/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-09-20+20.35.11.jpg" width="547" /></a></div>
除此之外,人體攝取的膽固醇越多,吸收的越多,每攝取3g便會吸收1g左右的膽固醇,是呈現接近線性的關係。而除了合成減少外在吸收增加後還有另外一個補償機制(compensatory machanisms):再排放增加。<br />
因此<br />
<ul>
<li>膽固醇攝取量增加後的機制:
<ul>
<li>減少吸收(absorption)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>膽固醇吸收量增加後的機制:
<ul>
<li>增加再排放(reexcretion)</li>
<li>抑制體內合成(synthesis)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
再排放(reexcretion):養分在被小腸吸收後再次被排出到腸道中。<br />
</blockquote>
然而,這兩個補償機制在不同個體間的差異很大,大多數的人體內累積的量不會太多,亦即可以透過補償機制維持平衡,但有部分的人仍然會累積,而這些累積不一定會反應在血漿膽固醇濃度中。<br />
<h2 id="toc_6">
血漿濃度</h2>
由上圖可以發現,儘管膽固醇的淨平衡(intake minus excretion)是增加的,但卻沒有完全反應在血漿濃度中,血漿膽固醇濃度的增加量不會超過20%,這表示增加的膽固醇是留在體內(body pool)中的其他地方而非血漿中。<br />
而這個研究無法解釋在身體內的膽固醇是跑到哪了,研究發現兔子所吸收的膽固醇會出現在其體內的許多區域,但老鼠則是有很多出現在肝臟<sup id="fnref13"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn13" rel="footnote">13</a></sup>。<br />
<h1 id="toc_7">
模型 (1992)</h1>
Hopkins (1992)<sup id="fnref14"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn14" rel="footnote">14</a></sup>蒐集了27個研究共76個受試者進行後設分析,並提出一個拋物線模型,描述膽固醇上升量與攝取量和平日攝取量(baseline)之關係。<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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\[y = 1.22 e ^{-0.00384x_0} (1-e^{-0.00136x})\]<br />
當只有加入適量的膽固醇到每日飲食中,平日的飲食習慣可以預測膽固醇的增加量。這可以解釋為何每人的個體差異那麼大<sup id="fnref15"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn15" rel="footnote">15</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref16"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn16" rel="footnote">16</a></sup>,平日飲食習慣攝取較多膽固醇的人較不會受到短期的影響,反之若平日極少攝取膽固醇,則單次的增加則會產生較大的變化。<br />
而對於這個現象的解釋,Hopkins亦提出他的解釋,雖此現象似乎非常直覺,但其對於此現象的解釋稍嫌複雜,故在此不贅述,如有興趣可參考其討論部分。<br />
<h1 id="toc_8">
最新進展 (2013)</h1>
2000年後之相關研究數量暴增,且更多細部討論,例如區分不同的攝取方式、食物、測量各種類的膽固醇、降膽固醇的各種治療方法比較等等。為求精簡,本文搜尋2000年後之回顧文獻再行回顧,並簡化重點如下。<br />
<ul>
<li>每日攝取的膽固醇量和心血管疾病相關性的研究目前仍不一致<sup id="fnref17"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn17" rel="footnote">17</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref18"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn18" rel="footnote">18</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref19"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn19" rel="footnote">19</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref20"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn20" rel="footnote">20</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref21"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn21" rel="footnote">21</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="toc_9">
正向關係</h2>
<ul>
<li>每天100mg膽固醇會增加血漿膽固醇濃度 (meta-analysis) <sup id="fnref22"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn22" rel="footnote">22</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref23"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn23" rel="footnote">23</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref24"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn24" rel="footnote">24</a></sup>
<ul>
<li>增加總膽固醇濃度 2.2-2.5 mg/dL</li>
<li>增加低密度膽固醇 1.9mg/dL</li>
<li>增加高密度膽固醇 0.3-0.4 mg/dL</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>影響很小<sup id="fnref25"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn25" rel="footnote">25</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref26"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn26" rel="footnote">26</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref27"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn27" rel="footnote">27</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="toc_10">
無關</h2>
<ul>
<li>沒影響<sup id="fnref28"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn28" rel="footnote">28</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref29"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn29" rel="footnote">29</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref30"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn30" rel="footnote">30</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref31"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn31" rel="footnote">31</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref32"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn32" rel="footnote">32</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref33"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn33" rel="footnote">33</a></sup><sup>,</sup> <sup id="fnref34"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn34" rel="footnote">34</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="toc_11">
結論</h2>
究竟增加攝取膽固醇是否會增加血液中膽固醇濃度?無共識。<sup id="fnref35"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fn35" rel="footnote">35</a></sup><br />
<h1 id="toc_12">
後記</h1>
有許多省略未討論到的因素包含各實驗室否有控制組、測量受試者基礎值、膽固醇的攝取來源(食物種類)、高密度及低密度膽固醇等。<br />
本篇靈感來自我體檢報告中偏高的膽固醇濃度,在聽說運動對於控制膽固醇濃度有幫助、飲食效果不大後,本欲設計人體實驗,但檢討過去發文決定先閱讀相關文獻,或許之後補上運動方面效果的文獻。因目前學界無共識,可以考慮進行飲食控制與運動量的2*2變項自身實驗。<br />
<div class="footnotes">
<hr />
<ol>
<li id="fn1">
Hooper, L., Summerbell, C. D., Higgins, J. P., Thompson, R. L., Capps, N. E., Smith, G. D. & Ebrahim, S. (2001). Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review. Bmj, 322(7289), 757-763. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref1" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn2">
<a href="http://health.udn.com/health/story/6037/1255344">7大好「心」食物 降低膽固醇</a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref2" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn3">
<a href="http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/online/20150304/ARTL000020471_1.htm">每天吃3顆蛋,竟可降壞膽固醇!你一定要知道的 5 個膽固醇新常識</a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref3" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn4">
Wilson, J. D. 1964. The quantification of cholesterol excretion and degradation in the isotopic steady state in the rat: the influence of dietary cholesterol. J . Lipid Res. 5: 409-417. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref4" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn5">
Taylor, C. B., and K.-J. Ho. 1967. A review of human cholesterol metabolism. Arch. Pathol. 84: 3-1 4. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref5" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn6">
Stanley, M. M., and S. H. Cheng. 1956. Cholesterol exchange in the gastrointestinal tract in normal and abnormal subjects. Gastroenterology. 30: 62-74. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref6" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn7">
Karvinen, E., T. M. Lin, and A. C. Ivy. 1957. Capacity of human intestine to absorb exogenous cholesterol. J. Appl. Physiol. 11: 143-147. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref7" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn8">
Borgstrom, B. 1969. Quantification of cholesterol absorption in man by fecal analysis after the feeding of a single isotope-labeled meal. J . Lipid Res. 10: 331-337. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref8" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn9">
Dietschy, J. M., and J. D. Wilson. 1970. Regulation of cholesterol metabolism. N . Engl. J . Med. 282: 1128-1 138, 1179-1183, 1241-1249. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref9" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn10">
Kaplan, J. A., G. E. Cox, and C. B. Taylor. 1963. Choles- terol metabolism in m a n : studies on absorption. Arch. Pathol. 76: 359-368. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref10" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn11">
Wilson, J. D., and C. A. Lindsey, Jr. 1965. Studies on the influence of dietary cholesterol on cholesterol metabolism in the isotopic steady state in man. J. Clin. Invest. 44: 1805-1814. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref11" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn12">
Quintao, E., Grundy, S. M., & Ahrens, E. H. (1971). Effects of dietary cholesterol on the regulation of total body cholesterol in man. Journal of lipid research, 12(2), 233-247. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref12" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn13">
Perl, W., and P. Samuel. 1969. Input-output analysis for total input rate and total traced mass of body cholesterol in man. Circ. Res. 25: 191-199. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref13" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn14">
Hopkins, P. N. (1992). Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a meta-analysis and review. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 55(6), 1060-1070. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4657449099167923917#fnref14" rev="footnote">↩</a><br />
</li>
<li id="fn15">
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番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-6750140718502356612015-12-03T22:12:00.000+08:002016-06-25T15:15:14.383+08:00Swear Words in Review: Regiospecificity and Predictability<head>
<title>Abstract</title>
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<h1>
顧客評價中的英文髒話:地區特異性及可預測性
</h1>
<br />
<h1>
Abstract</h1>
This report is aimed to answer the following two questions. 1. Does the use of swear words have any regiospecificity that result in heterogeneous in the data? 2. Does the use of swear words in customers' review have an impact on the ratings they gave? Can it predict the stars they gave toward a business? Mainly, analysis using ANOVA on metropolis, multiple regression on ratings are performed. Results indicate that the usage of swear words is different by region and 25 of 45 swear words have predictability on the rating a customer gave. All code and files can be obtained from the link in the end.<br />
<a name='more'></a><html>
<br />
<h1>
Introduction</h1>
<h2>
Background</h2>
We use swear words a lot more than our imagination. Consider the situation we use swear words on someone, it will mostly be an extreme circumstance. For instance, a staff accidentally knocks off your coffee on your new shirt in the morning, or a waiter with an awful attitude shouting at you. In these situations, an individual often can't help but use swear words, to express one's emotion. As a result, swear words are often the representation of emotional words. <br />
In the case we use swear words, the frequency we use it in the review text of a business (e.g., a restaurant) should be less than we use in normal life conversation. For reviews are mostly not right immediately after an event, it is, however, after a dinner is finished or after one is getting home. According to this reason, the appearance of swear words in reviews should represent as an more extreme case, that the emotion last till one leave a comment or push him/her to leave one with swear words.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Aim and Questions</h2>
According to the inference above, in this project, I assume that the usage of swear words should reflect the preference of a customer and can predict the stars they gave (primary question). In order to do so, I will firstly examine whether there are any region-specific features in the usage of swear words. <br />
In specific, the aim of this project is to answer the following two questions. 1. Does the use of swear words have any regiospecificity features that result in heterogeneous in the data? 2. Does the use of swear words in customers' review have an impact on the ratings they gave? Can it predict the stars they gave toward a business? <br />
<br />
<h1>
Methods</h1>
<h2>
Swear Words</h2>
<h3>
Dictionary</h3>
To construct a dictionary of swear words, I merged two lists found online, <a href="https://code.google.com/p/badwordslist/">badwordslist</a> and <a href="http://www.freewebheaders.com/full-list-of-bad-words-banned-by-google/">Full List of Bad Words and Top Swear Words Banned by Google</a> and the file can be downloaded frome <a href="https://code.google.com/p/badwordslist/downloads/detail?name=badwords.txt&can=2&q=">here</a> and <a href="http://www.freewebheaders.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/full-list-of-bad-words-banned-by-google-txt-file.zip">here</a>.<br />
The merged list contains 824 words without cleaning and contains 621 words after cleaning. The full list can be obtain from the cloud.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Term Matrix</h3>
To establish the term matrix of swear words, package <em>tm</em> was used to generate <em>corpus</em>. Considering the efficiency and accuracy, a data frame contains 20000 rows is sampled randomly from the original <em>review</em> dataset.<br />
After the corpus and the term matrix of swear words is generated, remove columns of swear words that haven't appeared any time, a 20000 times 45 matrix is established. Then, a last column <em>total</em> is calculated to represent the total occurence of swear words. <br />
<br />
<h3>
Exploratory Figure</h3>
The figure below shows the occurence of the first 30 swear words that appears in the sample review text.<br />
<img alt="plot of chunk swOccurence" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="display: block; margin: auto;" title="plot of chunk swOccurence" /><br />
<br />
<h2>
Regional Analysis</h2>
<h3>
Exploratory Figure</h3>
According to the initial document of the dataset, the business are from ten metropolises including Pittsburgh, Charlotte, Urbana-Champaign, Phoenix, Las Vegas, Madison, Montreal, Waterloo, Edinburgh and Karlsruhe. An exploratory figure was drawn for confirmation. As the figure below shows, there are ten metropolises from four countries.<br />
<img alt="plot of chunk businessLocationUSMap" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> <br />
<br />
<h3>
K-means Clustering</h3>
However, the original dataset doesn't contain this information explicitly. In order to classify business into metropolitan region, the K-means clustering method is performed on the <em>latitude</em> and <em>longitude</em> variables in the <em>business</em> dataset before further analysis. The result suggests 10 perfect independent clusters, as wishes.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Heterogenous Analysis</h3>
To determine whether the usage of swear words is different by regions, an one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) is performed using metropolis as independent variable and the total occurence of swear words as the dependent variable.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Prediction through Regression</h2>
To answer the first part of the second question, which is, does the use of swear words have an impact on customers' ratings, Welch Two Sample t-test will be performed. Two groups will be created by whether the review text contains swear words or not.<br />
Secondly, in order to predict the ratings a user gave according to his/her usage of swear words in a different area, multiple regression analysis will be performed using <em>stars</em> as outcome and all of the swear words as predictors by regions. Further analysis, including variable selection will also be done.<br />
<br />
<h1>
Results</h1>
<h2>
Regional Analysis</h2>
The figure below illustrates the occurence of top 6 swear words in details by region.<br />
<img alt="plot of chunk regionalAnalysis_summaryTable_Occurence" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="display: block; margin: auto;" title="plot of chunk regionalAnalysis_summaryTable_Occurence" /><br />
Further, the result of ANOVA table is shown as below, the result indicates that the total usage of swear words is different by region F(9) = 4.27, p < .00.<br />
<pre><code>Analysis of Variance Table
Response: total
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
metro 9 6.6 0.73539 4.2663 1.498e-05 ***
Residuals 19990 3445.7 0.17237
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
</code></pre>
<h2>
Prediction through Regression</h2>
The result of Welch Two Sample t-test suggests that two group are different on the ratings, t(1385) = 12.78, p < .00. The group contains swear words (M = 3.228) is significantly lower than the group doesen't contains swear words (M = 3.781).<br />
<pre><code>
Welch Two Sample t-test
data: stars by containSwearWord
t = 12.781, df = 1384.7, p-value < 2.2e-16
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
0.4682011 0.6379796
sample estimates:
mean in group FALSE mean in group TRUE
3.781412 3.228321
</code></pre>
The result of multiple regression after variable selection is shown below. 25 of 45 swear words are siginificant as a predictor to predict the stars they gave. The impact of these predictors is range from -2.276 to 1.321. Note that there are three variables have positive coefficient which will be discussed later.<br />
<pre><code>
Call:
lm(formula = stars ~ crap + ass + blow + screw + shit + wtf +
piss + jerk + facial + bitch + orgasm + dick + porn + prick +
bastard + pawn + retard + cox + lmao + fart + fuckin + knob +
turd + dickhead + goddamn, data = toLm)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-3.5712 -0.7755 0.2245 1.2245 4.6778
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 3.775543 0.009372 402.874 < 2e-16 ***
crap -0.821638 0.092590 -8.874 < 2e-16 ***
ass -0.226521 0.097300 -2.328 0.019918 *
blow -0.139465 0.098550 -1.415 0.157034
screw -0.791378 0.107348 -7.372 1.74e-13 ***
shit -0.467141 0.113559 -4.114 3.91e-05 ***
wtf -1.048961 0.141033 -7.438 1.07e-13 ***
piss -1.283521 0.157910 -8.128 4.61e-16 ***
jerk -0.304784 0.140930 -2.163 0.030578 *
facial 0.244782 0.085305 2.869 0.004116 **
bitch -0.434923 0.190998 -2.277 0.022790 *
orgasm 0.795622 0.233910 3.401 0.000672 ***
dick -0.669238 0.287728 -2.326 0.020032 *
porn -0.342546 0.213906 -1.601 0.109307
prick -0.534046 0.360898 -1.480 0.138950
bastard -0.620077 0.392868 -1.578 0.114504
pawn -0.344840 0.211046 -1.634 0.102284
retard -1.553321 0.433623 -3.582 0.000342 ***
cox -0.375285 0.180246 -2.082 0.037348 *
lmao -1.197120 0.492058 -2.433 0.014988 *
fart -0.978203 0.653471 -1.497 0.134426
fuckin 1.321374 0.780335 1.693 0.090406 .
knob -1.775543 0.750940 -2.364 0.018067 *
turd -0.423289 0.250306 -1.691 0.090835 .
dickhead -1.940924 0.930837 -2.085 0.037069 *
goddamn -2.275543 0.919686 -2.474 0.013359 *
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 1.301 on 19974 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.02211, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02089
F-statistic: 18.06 on 25 and 19974 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
</code></pre>
The figure below shows the amount of six swear words with greater predictability on stars.<br />
<img alt="plot of chunk lmBoxplot" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> <br />
<br />
<h1>
Discussion</h1>
In the first part, the result reveals regiospecificity within ten metropolises, although one may question the result from the difference between sample size (20000) and the original data (~1600000), however, the sample process was totally random and can be reproduced with different settings. Also, some of the region significantly has a smaller occurence of swear words, this may be due to the difference between the observations amount of cities, in particular, Karlsruhe and Waterloo. Further analysis is needed to confirm the result. <br />
In the second part, 25 of 45 variables have predictability on the rating a customer gave. This result collaborates my hypothesis that swear words can predict the stars in the review. In addition, in another analysis that didn't show, swear words can also predict the votes it received, which will be interesting for further investigation.<br />
These results of anaylsis suggest that 1. Swear words in customers' review can be used to predict the stars they gave toward a business.
2. The use of swear words have regiospecificity, which means differences between different regions.<br />
<br />
<h1>
Citation</h1>
<ul>
<li>All dataset are from <a href="http://www.yelp.com/dataset_challenge">Yelp Dataset Challenge</a>.</li>
<li>The Rmd file for this report containing all codes is available <a href="https://db.tt/Tvqrnk1s">here</a>.</li>
</ul>
<br /><br />
---20160625<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/obrN6wdme2E" width="480"></iframe>
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番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-86235226728310098062015-10-13T18:19:00.000+08:002015-10-25T23:38:32.525+08:00Data Science Capstone Quiz<h1 id="introduction">
Introduction</h1>
<ul>
<li>All quiz questions are from <a href="https://www.coursera.org/">Coursera</a> <a href="https://class.coursera.org/dsscapstone-005/">Data Science Capstone</a> course.</li>
<li>All <i>.json</i> files are provided by <a href="http://www.yelp.com/">Yelp</a>.</li>
<li>Data sources is hiden for privacy concern.</li>
<li>Thief-welcome.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<ul>
</ul>
<h1 id="question1">
Question 1</h1>
After untaring the the dataset, how many files are there (including the documentation pdfs)? <br />
<pre><code class="r">length(dir("../yelp_dataset_challenge_academic_dataset"))</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">[1] 7</code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
2<br />
3<br />
5<br />
7 Correct 1.00<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question2">
Question 2</h1>
The data files are in what format?<br />
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
json Correct 1.00<br />
.RData<br />
csv<br />
.xlsx<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question3">
Question 3</h1>
How many lines of text are there in the reviews file (in orders of magnitude)?<br />
<pre><code class="r">nrow(review)</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">[1] 1569264</code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
One million Correct 1.00<br />
Ten thousand<br />
Ten million<br />
One hundred thousand<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question4">
Question 4</h1>
Consider line 100 of the reviews file. “I’ve been going to the Grab n Eat for almost XXX years”<br />
<pre><code class="r">review[100, ]$text</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">[1] "I have been coming to Gab n Eat for almost 20 years and They have never let me down. I get a typical breakfast if eggs, ham, toast, and home fries. Delicious as usual. The ambience however is usually lacking. The walls are dark, with writing and signatures of semi famous people all over the place. Pictures of local people hang on the walls(i secretly want mine up there) along with posters galore. While its fun to look at the first 10 times, it gets a little boring after awhile. So today when I arrived I expected the same old experience. Wow was I wrong! As soon as I looked at the door I knew something was different. The place seemed lighter and brighter. To my pleasant surprise, they painted and got new counter tops!! They're not quite done yet but the place has a new Happy vibe to it. The awesome breakfast, the new decor and the 5 guys sitting at the counter making me laugh are why I will be back( maybe for lunch)."</code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
20 Correct 1.00<br />
10<br />
2<br />
5<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question5">
Question 5</h1>
What percentage of the reviews are five star reviews (rounded to the nearest percentage point)?<br />
<pre><code class="r">nrow(review[review$stars == 5, ])/nrow(review)</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">[1] 0.3692986</code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
37% Correct 1.00<br />
30%<br />
10%<br />
14%<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question6">
Question 6</h1>
How many lines are there in the businesses file?<br />
<pre><code class="r">nrow(business)</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">[1] 61184</code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
Around 15 million<br />
Around 60 thousand Correct 1.00<br />
Around 1.5 million<br />
Around 55 million<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question7">
Question 7</h1>
Conditional on having an response for the attribute “Wi-Fi”, how many businesses are reported for having free wi-fi (rounded to the nearest percentage point)?<br />
<pre><code class="r">x <- business$attributes$`Wi-Fi`
x <- x[!is.na(x)]
length(x[x == "free"])/length(x)</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">[1] 0.4091519</code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
2%<br />
57%<br />
1%<br />
40% Correct 1.00<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question8">
Question 8</h1>
How many lines are in the tip file?<br />
<pre><code class="r">nrow(tip)</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">[1] 495107</code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
About 55 million<br />
About 60 thousand<br />
About 500 thousand Correct 1.00<br />
About 1.5 million<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question9">
Question 9</h1>
In the tips file on the 1,000th line, fill in the blank: “Consistently terrible ______”<br />
<pre><code class="r">tip[1000, ]$text</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">[1] "Consistently terrible service. What's with the attitudes?"</code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
service Correct 1.00<br />
food<br />
desserts<br />
atmosphere<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question10">
Question 10</h1>
What is the name of the user with over 10,000 compliment votes of type “funny”?<br />
<pre><code class="r">x <- user[user$compliments$funny >= 10000, ]$name
x[!is.na(x)]</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">[1] "Brian"</code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
Jeff<br />
Roger<br />
Ira<br />
Brian Correct 1.00<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00 <br />
<h1 id="question11">
Question 11</h1>
Create a 2 by 2 cross tabulation table of when a user has more than 1 fans to if the user has more than 1 compliment vote of type “funny”. Treat missing values as 0 (fans or votes of that type). Pass the 2 by 2 table to fisher.test in R. What is the P-value for the test of independence?<br />
<pre><code class="r">condition1 <- user$fans >= 1 & !is.na(user$fans)
condition2 <- user$compliments$funny >= 1 & !is.na(user$compliments$funny)
ta <- table(condition1, condition2)
fisher.test(ta)</code></pre>
<pre><code class="(null)">
Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data
data: ta
p-value = 0.00146
alternative hypothesis: true odds ratio is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
17.03876 17.85392
sample estimates:
odds ratio
17.43834 </code></pre>
Your Answer Score Explanation<br />
around 0.05<br />
around 0.01 Correct 1.00<br />
around 0.20<br />
less than .001<br />
Total 1.00 / 1.00番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-24128157235628926872015-02-19T08:31:00.002+08:002015-02-19T08:38:44.905+08:00被限制的進化:從演化觀點理解貧富差距<h2>
Restricted Evolution: A Evolutionary Perspective Toward Economic Inequality</h2>
<br />
最近一直在思考貧富差距,說是最近,但也有一段時間了吧。不知道為什麼,最近漸漸覺得,貧富差距真是很有趣,把鐘點戰再看了一遍,貧富差距就是在演化吧。<br />
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富者總是需要貧者,因為需要有勞力來生產,那些玩弄貨幣的人,永遠都可以有更多的資本去創造更高的收益;而若沒了富者,貧者雖能過活,但卻無法刺激進步,因為物質本身的價值有無法突破的物理限制,只有在炒價後才能提升,進而刺激生產。貧者與富者本就互相需要,因此當兩者之間的交流破裂,注定會造成損失。<br />
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但是貧富差距在這樣的環境下會擴大,這雖然是人所不願看到的,但卻是自然、必然的過程,原因來自貨幣的利用效率有著根本上的差異:富者利用貨幣進行生產,貧者卻是用其他價值轉為貨幣。但問題源自於,當貧富差距不斷增加,會發生什麼事呢?<br />
這就是演化吧,當剝奪者與被剝奪者之間的差距增加,被剝奪者的原始反應就是群起反抗,造成分裂,但兩者又互相需要,雖說分裂是會造成損失的,但這個損失事實上只存在於物種內,在演化的尺度上不是損失,而是進化:一個物種之內分裂成兩個物種,而達成的全新進化,原本的剝奪者會成為食物鏈上層的物種,原本的被剝奪者則待在原先的那個階層。從物種內的尺度來看,這是分裂,但從物種外、演化的角度來看,卻是進化。<br />
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以真實生物為例:<br />
掠食者都需要獵食下層的動物,沒有了下層的動物,上層的掠食者都會絕跡,被掠食者提供能量生產、餵養上層的掠食者;在人類中,下層的被剝奪者就是尚未分化的被掠食者,他們扮演生產、提供中產階級的角色,上層則是未分化的剝奪者,他們本身不從事生產,但卻有能力消費生產者。<br />
生態圈中每個掠食者都需要數個被掠食者來供應能量;人類中則是剝奪者需要數個被剝奪者來供應價值,泛指有價值的食物或服務。<br />
在生態圈中,失去了掠食者後被掠食者會繁榮壯大,但卻只有在環境負載過大時才會有競爭,進而刺激進化;在人類中,失去了剝奪者後被剝奪者也會失去刺激,不同的是會有其他被剝奪者來成為剝奪者的角色,這是因為人是尚未分化的物種。<br />
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生物階層很難突破四層,這是因為能量的利用是很沒有效率的,每傳遞一個階層都會減少百分之十。人位於生態圈中食物鏈的最上層,為何還有辦法繼續演化?這是因為貨幣變了,在生態圈中,可以跨物種傳遞的貨幣是能量,但在人類社會中,我們定義了新的貨幣「金錢」,新的基礎造就新的演化。<br />
至於為什麼現在人有能力可以繼續演化了?第一,我們建立了新的演化平台,也就是銀行系統。第二,這個新的演化平台非常有效率,造成演化的速度是肉眼可見的。第三,人類生產效率大幅提高,突破原本物種階層間交流的物理限制速度,造成革命性的演化加速。<br />
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本篇重點:<br />
<ol>
<li>貧富差距擴大就是在演化,跟物種間的演化類似,差別在於演化平台。這是因為兩階層物種間的關係為掠食與被掠食,完全與人類社會中剝奪(富者)與被剝奪(貧者)的角色並無二致。</li>
<li>貧富差距若繼續擴大,會造成物種內的分裂、物種間的進化。</li>
<li>演化平台從原本物種間的能量貨幣,變為效率更高的金錢貨幣,因此產生肉眼可見的演化。 </li>
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但人和一般生態圈的動物不同,人是非常需要賦予動物的意義,因此我們普遍追求倫理道德上的正義,這造成多數個體傾向於縮小貧富差距。這在傳統的演化上是未曾見到過的,動物並不會因為要獵食弱小的動物而選擇絕食,更可能為了演化上的利益殺害同種個體。人類的道德社會加速文化演化,卻阻礙物種演化,也阻礙貧富差距擴大。因此暫時維持現在所見的動態平衡:貧富差距傾向於擴大,但道德社會傾向縮小;剝奪者(富者)傾向擴大,被剝奪者(窮者)傾向縮小;由富者所操控的貨幣力量傾向擴大,由多數個體所操控的社會系統傾向縮小。<br />
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延伸閱讀:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/blog-post_18.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: normal;">當和諧成為奢望 —— 論貧富</span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">Wiki: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality" target="_blank">Economic Inequality</a></span></li>
</ul>
<br />番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-14761147996657260262014-10-24T21:14:00.001+08:002014-10-24T21:15:27.187+08:00演化的眼淚 — 演化論、虛無主義及悲劇的喜悅<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 前幾天上課時,汪子翔看到我,指著我對我說: <br /> 「虛無主義者,哈哈哈。」 <br /> 「那是三小?」我問。 <br /> 「不知道。」 <br /><br /> 人會心痛心碎、會痛哭流涕,但演化論不會,然而悲傷的能力卻是演化賦予我們的。悲傷的演化意義可能來自防衛性悲觀(Defensive pessimism),是一種未雨綢繆、以防萬一的情緒展現。 <br /><br /> 但令演化論也意外的是,體認到它的人竟會無止盡的悲傷,這反映在古今中外悲劇的描繪、悲觀主義者的理念由來及思想家或劇作家對悲劇的熱衷。悲傷是一種功能性的演化結果,卻也是無可避免的必然情緒體驗。這種悲傷與一般的難過迥異,它不強烈,而是緩慢而持續的、牽涉到一種對人生體悟的感慨與哀怨。 </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 體認到「時間」的自我意識將會受到無止盡的折磨,這種折磨更勝於肉體的疼痛,動物只存活於當下,但人卻可以思考過去及未來,因此人可以預知自己最終的命運——死亡,這樣的懼怕無可避免的、重複的出現在人生每一時刻中,提醒著我們人難逃一死、且無力改變。 — Dienstag, 2009 [1] </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /> 這樣的悲傷可能有一大部分來自於低落的可掌控性(Allen R. et al., 1993 [2]),而這來自於覺察原則的確立與不可改變性:現實世界中的規則是如此的堅定不移、掌控了整個世界,人的所有掙扎都是徒勞無功的。舉例來說,肉眼可見的簡單物理世界,幾乎可以用古典力學以蔽之,雖說更複雜的現象物理暫時無能為力,但我們知道那是來自於人的無知,而不是原則多變或毫無規則。 <br /><br /> 生命的出現給了人們一些賦予意義的空間:生命的生生不息、四季的繁榮與茂盛、卓越的歷史或偉人。生命是如此充滿希望而讓人覺得活著有意義。人用自己的一點方法保有了自由意志,那對於人來說是最後一根浮木、最後的希望與救贖。然而演化論拋去了它。或者說,意識及自由意志純粹是演化下的產物,是它賦予給高等生物的演化結果,因此意識之下的任何附屬產物,仍無法脫離演化這條規則。 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><br /> 又或者說,你以為你之所以獨特的個性與特質是注定基因多樣性的一塊拼圖,你以為是人生意義的配偶與家庭純粹是快速篩選優良基因的策略,你做了覺得愉悅的穿著打扮及擇偶行為注定是有性生殖的競爭過程,你以為人之所以為人的自我覺察與自我意識注定是知覺的終極產物[3],你的學習、成長與自我實現也注定是意識的實際展現。 <br /><br /> 是的,我們是演化出來的動物,我們的一切行為大致上都符合演化的要求。我們可以故意叛逆的去挑戰他,可以因為演化要我生,我便故意死;可以因為演化要我追求快樂,我就享受痛苦。任何人絕對都擁有這樣的自由意志,但那不是永恆的,願意去死、對演化論叛逆的人,演化論根本也不需要給你任何懲罰——因為你已經被淘汰了。 <br /><br /> 這就是主宰生命的徹底規則,而我們能做的一切就只有遵循他,剩下唯一能讓自己過的快樂的方法就是賦予一切演化要求我們追尋的事物自己的意義、自己的詮釋、專屬的合理化策略,然後活著。 </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 人類是懸賞在自己編織的意義之網上的動物。我把文化看作這些網,所以對文化的分析不是尋找規律的實驗科學,而是探究意義的詮釋之學。 — Clifford Geertz, 1973 [4] </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /> 簡單來說,你認為一切有意義的事物,終究只是你自己賦予給它的。 <br /><br /> 我們一直前進的、展望的未來,最終只是這道光——演化——所指引的方向,我們正倒退著往前走,眼前留下的足跡、記憶、歷史、器具、經典名著、詩歌經文、科技進展、文明成就,只不過是演化這道光的殘影,但它太過刺眼,回過頭只能得到一片暈眩。 </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> A nihilist (虛無主義者) is a man who judges of the world as it is that it ought not to be, and of the world as it ought to be that it does not exist. According to this view, our existence (action, suffering, willing, feeling) has no meaning: the pathos of 'in vain' is the nihilists' pathos — at the same time, as pathos, an inconsistency on the part of the nihilists. —Friedrich Nietzsche, 1901 [5] </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /> 然而,這樣的悲傷體驗並不完全是悲傷的,許多人都曾經歷過悲劇的喜悅(tragic pleasure),亞里斯多德曾說:「悲劇的喜悅有他的獨特性。悲劇作家是經由模創憐憫和恐懼來引發喜悅,是一種必須由情境產生的特質。」的確,這種對於悲劇感到悲傷的體驗似乎已經不是哀傷(grief)或痛苦(pain),它是展示痛苦,但卻一併帶來愉悅。 </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 人類已經本能的意識到悲劇的痛苦與其他所有的痛苦是不同的。悲劇中存有某種東西,使得他與其他災難有著鮮明的區別。痛苦產生愉悅——所有曾經體會過這矛盾的人,都能同意這項人的本能所做的見證。悲劇的愉悅本身自成一格,『憐憫和敬畏,以及一種情感因此得到洗滌和淨化的感受。』亞里斯多德這樣稱呼它。『面對死亡時,生存意志的再度被肯定。當這樣再度被肯定時,面對生存意志的不可磨滅,人覺得欣喜。』尼采說。 —Edith Hamilton, 1993 [6] </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /> 虛無主義及悲傷的心理感受不必然帶來消極的人生態度,雖尼采說:「上帝已死(Gott ist tot)」,指的是上帝所建構的道德標準與秩序的解構,這樣的解構會帶來心裡深處的恐懼,但人依然可以找到另外的可能性,所以人不再需要向超自然的力量尋求協助,而可以建構一套全新的價值,尼采稱之為超人。 <br /><br /> 或許,悲劇快感的根本來源就在於意識到舊世界的解構與新世界的即將建立,「憐憫、敬畏、和諧、提升——這些就是構成悲劇愉悅的因素。」[6] </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">參考資料<br />[1] Dienstag, Joshua Foa. (2009). Pessimism: Philosophy, Ethic, Spirit. (pp. 22). Princeton University Press. Translated by Yi-Hung, Liu. <br />[2] Allen R. McConnell, Christine M. Bill, William N. Dember, Anthony F. Grasha. (1993). Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social. (pp. 195-215). <br />[3] 不熟悉以演化意義來解釋意識的人可能會覺得有很大爭議,可以參考這樣一個淺顯易懂的形容:人感知到外在訊號,叫做知覺(看到一道光);對外在訊號的解釋,叫做詮釋(可能是來自月亮的一道光);對於詮釋的進一步詮釋,則是意識(為什麼今天的月亮這麼圓呢?)。而這樣的逐步過程,恰好符合演化的順序。(改自:陳穎青,2012,意識如何誕生——一個演化角度的假設,內容推進實驗室,http://www.contnt.net/2012/06/blog-post.html。) <br />[4] Clifford Geertz. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. <br />[5] Friedrich Nietzsche. (1901). The Will to Power. Section 585. Translated by Walter Kaufmann. <br />[6] Edith Hamilton. (1993). The Greek Way. Chapter 11, The Idea of Tragedy. W. W. Norton. </span> 番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-818973439103094972014-10-23T13:06:00.002+08:002014-10-23T15:54:06.512+08:00永生的定義及方法 如果說一個人延續不斷的肉體及其精神是永生,那麼是不是可以把標準稍微放寬鬆一些:一個人為求延續不斷的肉體,移植了一些器官,這些器官是人造的,而他保有屬於他的記憶及意識。這樣的妥協,應該也可以算是永生吧?<br />
那麼,如果科技持續進展,一個人的腦袋可以被移植到另一個人的身體裡,他可以保有他所有的記憶與意識,當他面臨肉體的死亡時,就選擇另一個肉體來換腦,這樣的永生的形式,是不是也讓人可以接受呢?換句話說,他的身體全換了,只留下腦但卻同時保留了重要的記憶與意識。<br />
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接下來,如果今天意識可以上傳,暫時儲存在雲端,等到另一個完美、沒有損傷的大腦製造好時再將意識下載到新腦中,這樣的一個新人,他有新的肉體、新的腦,但卻是同一個人的意識與記憶,這樣是不是也還是可以算是永生呢?<br />
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那麼,如果今天在傳輸時發生了一點問題,意識被完整下載,但記憶卻失敗了,這樣一個失憶了的新人,難道就不能算是同一個人了嗎?事實上,我們也都同意失憶症的患者仍是同一個人,儘管他可能永遠得不回他的記憶,但損失了記憶,應該還是可以算是某種程度的永生吧?畢竟,重要的事情也可以先寫下來啊。<br />
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事實上,會不會把一些記憶丟掉重來是比較好的呢?就像電腦重灌時,或許有些人喜歡還原備份,但有些人選擇手動安裝所有軟體,這一定有很大的好處吧?沒錯,放棄舊記憶的重生,或許會對自己更好,忘掉了一些不好的回憶,重新學習新的價值,只有那些真正重要的事情是由上一個肉體交代下來。<br />
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那麼,如果放棄了記憶也可以算是某種形式的永生,那意識呢?意識和記憶難道不是密切難分的嗎?我想每個人的意識都還會有改善的空間吧,如果今天給你一個機會,讓你塑造另一個自己全新的意識與記憶,但必須重頭開始,這是不是也算一個比較麻煩、但卻可能更好的永生方式呢?<br />
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剛剛說的方法都注重在意識層面,肉體似乎不需要完全一樣,但如果也有個方法可以讓你保有肉體的類似並永生,是不是更好呢?如果還可以去改善自己覺得不足的地方,是不是又更好了?這麼形容好了:你可以保有一半的肉體,並拋棄你覺得不好的另一半,你可以在茫茫人海中找一個你覺得可以補足你的缺點的另一半肉體,然後將兩者結合起來變成全新的自己的肉體。這個肉體是空洞的,還需要你自己輸入給它全新的記憶和意識,你也可以交代給他那些重要的事、未完成的遺憾,這是否會是某種變形了、但卻比較臻於完美的永生呢?<br />
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是的,這個方法就是生小孩。<br />
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我們都已經在某種程度上得到永生,永生是如此容易、如此難界定,自己的小孩和自己有一半相同的基因,我們也完全有能力去尋找另一半我們覺得適合的基因。孩子出生是張白紙,我們可以教導他自己覺得重要的事、重要的價值觀、並叮嚀他們那些對我們來說最重要的人生理念,或許他們會遵循著前進,也或許不會,但這樣好像比較好?因為我們也可能會出錯。<br />
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我們的小孩會自己去尋找一個更好的生存方式、更好的生存意義,如何是「好」呢?這不是我們來決定的,而是演化。演化淘汰不好的肉體、不好的意識,我們無所抱怨,因為我們也是演化下的產物。演化已經設計好永生的方法,而這個方法,在某種意義(進步與競爭)上,比我們一般所設想的方法更好。這個方法提供了變異,但我們仍可以保有一半的自己,卻又可以去尋找更好的另一半。我們失去了所有記憶與意識,但卻可以去塑造一個可塑性比原來的自己更高的下一個自己。<br />
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如何是永生?如何不是永生?番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-18927657234490954512014-08-15T15:41:00.001+08:002014-08-15T15:42:42.828+08:00當個植物人有何不好?<br />
當個植物人有何不好?並不是說我們應該躺著不動,放棄一切,而是「動物為何不『順便』行個光合作用呢?」<br />
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行光合作用基本上完全是利大於弊,光合作用所產生的能量不但養的起行光合作用所需的系統,更可以提供給整個生物本生生存,概觀而論,光合作用所產生的能量,甚至養的起整個生態系統。那麼為什麼吃植物的動物們,不躺下來,順便行個光合作用呢?<br />
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沒太陽時,就當原本的掠食者,吃吃植物、吃吃小動物;有太陽時,躺在草地上行光合作用,能量夠了就繁殖一下,聽起來不是很理想嗎?演化為何要如此戲弄人,不讓生物們安逸的過生活,而要受苦受難?<br />
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<h3>
前言</h3>
這篇雖然主題是「當個植物人有何不好」,但在解決這個問題的同時,牽扯到了兩個我很喜歡的理論:Kleiber’s law與紅皇后假設,因此也花了一些篇幅來說明,並在文後附上一些推薦的延伸閱讀與影片,歡迎有興趣者觀賞。<br />
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<h3>
可能的解釋</h3>
<h4>
1. 光合作用系統成本過高</h4>
許多人的思考邏輯是這樣的:光合作用這個系統太強太OP了,勢必不好養,所以世界上才只有植物可以行光合作用,這叫做公平。<br />
事實上,演化沒有公平與否,只有穩定與優勢。「多餘的能量」就是多餘的能量,不會有什麼養不起的問題,如果植物可以在行光合作用、養光合作用系統之餘把多餘的能量拿來儲存、開花結果,為何不能有多餘的能量拿來運動呢?<br />
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並且,根據Kleiber’s law(圖一),越大型的動物雖然所需消耗的能量越多,但能量運用效率也越高。Kleiber定律來自觀察的結果:若q是動物的代謝率,M是其重量,則q~M^(3/4)。也就是一隻貓的重量是一隻老鼠的100倍,它的代謝量只比老鼠約大31倍。那麼多養個光合作用系統究竟會有什麼問題?至少,以能量層面來說,它應該是可行的吧?<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2YhWLX_xN0WbaEr5MFrZwazS_QyQt4Ov3OLMT-Cg_cV6FIWdv6eCe_aVMPdjplA0RBoyUyL7VGcRYfJ7dhBOCbO8Vi_mJdDnv9xlIbR7jRFL1_YIROtDMJB6IqlQYIjLLxq48qEVRRXE/s1600/I10-83-brainmass.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="http://universe-review.ca/I10-83-brainmass.jpg" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2YhWLX_xN0WbaEr5MFrZwazS_QyQt4Ov3OLMT-Cg_cV6FIWdv6eCe_aVMPdjplA0RBoyUyL7VGcRYfJ7dhBOCbO8Vi_mJdDnv9xlIbR7jRFL1_YIROtDMJB6IqlQYIjLLxq48qEVRRXE/s1600/I10-83-brainmass.jpg" height="298" title="(圖一)" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(圖一) </div>
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<h4>
2. 比較利益</h4>
這個說法看似非常的有道理,一個動物既然都會動了,那他的演化方向,就不應該是朝向「製造新的優勢」,而是「擴大現有優勢」。也就是說,既然動物都是掠食者了,那變成「更強的掠食者」,不是比變成「普通強但是會行光合作用的掠食者」來的划算嗎?也就是,這樣的思考邏輯是:把行光合作用、利用太陽能的工作交給植物們吧,動物們乖乖找食物還是比較實際。<br />
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然而,用比較利益來思考的前提在於,整個生態系必須是一個「可互惠的系統」,這並不是生態系的運作模式,生態系處在一個競爭、成長的動態平衡中,也就是「紅皇后理論」(圖二)。<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbac10Wu4BoJDo3847fLGZE6SX9eNgfEGIS0EcZhJiZsITpEpgIDvFzVkGb-6xE49GZ3w1aOI10KrSM7LyIPLZP2v_G4HkKPxAr4c4o0yGxEB-7LnDFgpGc3nUzpT5QRM-VfBV2ajfcoU/s1600/red-queen-733517.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbac10Wu4BoJDo3847fLGZE6SX9eNgfEGIS0EcZhJiZsITpEpgIDvFzVkGb-6xE49GZ3w1aOI10KrSM7LyIPLZP2v_G4HkKPxAr4c4o0yGxEB-7LnDFgpGc3nUzpT5QRM-VfBV2ajfcoU/s1600/red-queen-733517.jpg" height="302" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(圖二)</div>
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<blockquote>
At the top of the hill, the Red Queen begins to run, faster and faster. Alice runs after the Red Queen, but is further perplexed to find that neither one seems to be moving. When they stop running, they are in exactly the same place. Alice remarks on this, to which the Red Queen responds: "Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place". And so it may be with coevolution. Evolutionary change may be required to stay in the same place. Cessation of change may result in extinction.</blockquote>
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紅皇后理論之命名來自《愛麗絲夢遊仙境》:愛麗絲掉到洞裡後遇到了紅皇后,發現她在前面賣力的奔跑著,愛麗斯為了追上他,也用盡全力跑了起來,卻發現周圍
的景象完全沒有改變,當她停下腳步,周圍的景象也仍然不變。紅皇后說:「在這個國度中,盡全力的奔跑只不過是為了要維持在原地而已。」<br />
Vanvalen用這個故事描述演化的動態平衡:一切的改變都是為了維持不變,而停止演化的結果就是滅絕(圖三)。<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsrP-F2CZmtTB3sPK-gy0NW_zkaode2uDUS9cu15VaBEe0btvLFnR_24P7NC2Zayt2pnAwpZFp9HCtXCrzklXVGhGk1Gmia85uHZaUs6pzQO5Yeq13tlvoWDTjcbOX76QC6XSqSAiVHcs/s1600/220px-The_macroevolutionary_Red_Queen.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsrP-F2CZmtTB3sPK-gy0NW_zkaode2uDUS9cu15VaBEe0btvLFnR_24P7NC2Zayt2pnAwpZFp9HCtXCrzklXVGhGk1Gmia85uHZaUs6pzQO5Yeq13tlvoWDTjcbOX76QC6XSqSAiVHcs/s1600/220px-The_macroevolutionary_Red_Queen.png" height="370" width="400" /></a> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(圖三)</div>
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比較利益的說法必須立基於:「多生產的資源可以提供給互惠系統中的其他個體」,以達成互利,然而生態系統中卻應該是將多餘的資源用於豐富自身族群、繁殖與演化才是。也就是說,個體利益最大化凌駕於比較利益之上,不應該以比較利益來思考。<br />
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<h3>
問題的解答</h3>
因此,怎麼看都是當個植物人比較好,那為何不呢?<br />
答案是:生物的起源。<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
要找到生命的起源,是採取「由上往下」的策略進行。我們可以將現今所有已知生命共有的特質分門別類,然後從中建立一個理論上最可能的「最終普遍共同祖先」,她叫做LUCA(Last Universal Common Ancestor)。舉個例子來看,因為只有很少種類的細菌可以進行光合作用,所以我們推測LUCA本身也不會進行光合作用,如果他會,等於他大部分的子孫都放棄了這寶貴的技能,雖然我們無法否定,但這太不可能了。 -Nick Lane, 2012</blockquote>
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在生命起始的大海中,那時沒有可以自我複製的蛋白質,但海中充滿了養分與氨基酸(不是濃濃的養分,但相比於今日來說,也算是很濃了),而一開始可以自行複製的蛋白質學會了取用身旁的氨基酸來複製,那便是最原始的「掠奪者」,在這之後海中的養分漸漸不足,學會行光合作用的原始細胞得到了優勢,才漸漸擴張開來。<br />
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讓我們回頭看看,生命的起源來自於掠奪,因此光合作用這種「什麼也不拿,自己做」的策略雖好,但無法憑空產生(到底為什麼無法憑空產生,大概是因為生命的起源來自於深海,或光合作用實際的機制遠比燃燒能量要複雜多了,至少對所需酵素來說是這樣)。<br />
因此,生命先有了「類動物的掠奪者」,才演化出「類植物的生產者」,接著才是古細菌、細菌。<br />
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當個植物人有何不好?沒錯,確實是當個植物人好,但我們不能回過頭來演化,更不可能身為人而憑空演化出光合作用機制(其實有了基因轉殖,也不能說完全不可能),所以只好暫時放棄這個能靜能動的演化策略了。<br />
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延伸閱讀<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/Red_Queen%20hyp.htmli" target="_blank">Red Queen Hypothesis </a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBVUzSH0xK0" target="_blank">數字狂 (Numberphile):3/4 和 Kleiber 定律 [翻譯 by RG]</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/XBVUzSH0xK0?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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後記與感謝<br />
好像有點離題。<br />
感謝當時與我討論這個問題的同學鐘力洋,若有其他人有遺漏,煩請通知我補上。<br />
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參考資料與圖片來源<br />
<ul>
<li>Nick<span id="goog_2008911547"></span> Lane (2012),《生命的躍升》,貓頭鷹出版社。 </li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law" target="_blank">Wikipedia - Kleiber's law <span id="goog_2008911548"></span></a> </li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Queen_hypothesis%20Red%20Queen%20Hypothesis%20http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/Red_Queen%20hyp.htmli" target="_blank">Wikipedia - Red Queen hypothesis </a> </li>
<li><a href="http://pansci.tw/archives/3745" target="_blank">PanSci - 紅皇后與有性生殖 </a></li>
<li>圖一:http://universe-review.ca/I10-83-brainmass.jpg</li>
<li>圖二:http://sowhataboutseaweed.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/red-queen-733517.jpg</li>
<li>圖三:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c
/The_macroevolutionary_Red_Queen.png/220px-The_macroevolutionary_Red_Queen.png</li>
</ul>
番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-4645886556683840722014-06-20T14:47:00.000+08:002015-07-11T03:37:31.054+08:00女性性高潮的演化意義<style>@font-face {
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">高潮的神秘無法用三言兩語道盡,加上文化的束縛,儘管近年來自由風氣盛行,性事仍被視為骯髒的,遑論高潮,討論更是少之又少。經典愛情電影《那些年,我們一起追的女孩》中男主角有一幕怒吼:「『意義』是什麼!?我只知道精液!」。究竟高潮的意義為何?為何演化會使人們產生這樣的機制?高潮對於男性在演化上的意義似乎再清楚不過了:射精是為了使女性受孕,以便繁殖;射精的愉悅誘使人們尋求性交對象。然而,女性的高潮似乎沒有如此單純……</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: BiauKai;">女性性高潮創造出意識上的異境,通常是以骨盆橫紋恥骨尾骨肌不由自主、韻律的收縮開始,經常伴隨子宮和肛門收縮,以及因性行為導致血管充血而造成的肌強直(<span lang="EN-US">Myotonia</span>,是一種肌肉收縮後不易放鬆的現象),往往能誘發幸福感與滿足感。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: BiauKai;">–<span lang="EN-US">Cindy Meston</span>,《<span lang="EN-US">Annual Review of Sex Research</span>》 </span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">英國倫敦的學者以問卷訪問到</span><span lang="EN-US">4000</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多位女性(這群女性的年紀介於</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">~</span><span lang="EN-US">83</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲,其中有</span><span lang="EN-US">3%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">是同性戀者或雙性戀者。),結果,只有</span><span lang="EN-US">14%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的女性回答在性愛過程中「總能經歷高潮」,另外有</span><span lang="EN-US">32%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的女性回答,每四次性愛中至少有一次「不能經歷高潮」,更有</span><span lang="EN-US">16%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的女性「從未有過」。另外,如果透過自慰,有</span><span lang="EN-US">34%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的女性「總能經歷高潮」;「從未有過」高潮的女性只佔</span><span lang="EN-US">14%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。根據過去七十多年中的</span><span lang="EN-US">32</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項調查報告,女性性交時出現性高潮的比例,發現如果是在不刺激陰蒂的「無助力」狀態下,只有約</span><span lang="EN-US">25%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">女性經常或相當頻繁地出現性高潮。(</span><span lang="EN-US">Lloyd, 2006</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">毫無疑問的,無論男人女人都覺得高潮很棒,可是從演化的角度來看,男人藉由高潮射精是必須的,但女人呢?興奮失神、陰道緊縮對懷孕並沒有直接的幫助,還有許多婦女生下幾個孩子以後,仍未經歷過一次高潮。女性為何有高潮?性高潮對於女性有何演化意義?女性為何不會每次高潮?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">副產品假設:美麗的意外</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">演化生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Stephen J.
Gould</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宣稱女性的高潮根本沒有任何功能,只不過是男性射精反應的副產品,毫無目的可言。他重新詮釋了人類學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Donald Symons</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">於</span><span lang="EN-US">1979</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年提出的說法:在胚胎發育之初,男女兩性都有同樣的身體藍圖。相對於天擇賦予男性射精的偶然結果,有些共同的結締組織和神經系統通路在女性身上也「偶然的」被演化塑造,導致性成熟女性偶爾會有高潮的快樂結果。陰蒂基本上就是女性的陰莖,因為這兩者來自同樣的胚胎基質。這也說明了為什麼女性高潮是藉著刺激陰蒂而非陰道達成。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哲學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Elisabeth A. Lloyd</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,在其著作《</span><span lang="EN-US">The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》中也同樣主張:女性性高潮其實根本不具演化的意義。</span><span lang="EN-US">Lloyd</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也同意</span><span lang="EN-US">Symons</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">提出的理論:女性性高潮不過是一種人類胚胎發育初期的副產品(</span><span lang="EN-US">Symons, 1979</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。一個類似的現象是男性的乳頭,不具任何實際功能,完全是胚胎發育初期殘留至成體的痕跡,因此女性性高潮的存在「純屬樂趣」、「純屬巧合」。</span>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">並且,女性性交時,有約</span><span lang="EN-US">5%~10%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的人從未經歷性高潮,但是這並不妨礙她們受孕。女性性高潮既然與受孕或繁殖無關,因此不可能是一種演化上的適應(</span><span lang="EN-US">Lloyd, 2006</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">批評</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,女性的高潮與男性相比非常不同,動物行為學家</span><span lang="EN-US">John Alcock</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">回應</span><span lang="EN-US">Gould</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:「女性高潮不是男性高潮的不完美或是半調子模仿,而是強烈的生理反應,這種反應的形式與時機,與男性高潮不一樣。」他認為女性高潮可能是在女性身上以特定形式運作的選擇,而且沒有任何徵兆顯示這是在男性身上的選擇所留下來的遺跡。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">享樂假設:美妙的獎賞</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">又被稱做「中獎假設」、「頭彩理論」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Jackpot
theory</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">古時人類在沒有十分安全的障蔽之下,性交容易使自己暴露在危機之中,做的太久渾然忘我,容易被野獸偷襲,草草了事反而安全。那麼,既然性行為又危險又累,勉強行之又得求自保,這麼吃力不討好的事,如何能使人繁衍?還好人類有另一個機制,提供了性行為很大的誘因,那就是高潮。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">演化生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US">E .O. Wilson</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">提出了女性性高潮的中獎假設。這一假設源自他對動物行為的實驗。他用食物(如糖水)來獎勵動物走蹺蹺板。他發現,如果這頓食物只是「偶爾」給一下,它們反而更樂意再爬上蹺蹺板。於是他推測:我們的遠古女性本來是不容易達到性高潮的,但是她們偶爾也會中到性高潮的大獎。由於這些女性祖先斷斷續續地得到了高潮快感的報酬,於是便受到激勵,一次又一次地嘗試去性交,也就是所謂的「間歇性增強(</span><span lang="EN-US">intermittent reinforcement</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)」。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">批評</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,動物即使沒達到性高潮,照樣可以交配繁殖,生出後代。憑什麼說女性有了『性高潮癮頭』,才會更成功地傳繼她的後代?這種捉摸不定的性高潮,雖然強烈但不是經常出現,那它的優點究竟是什麼?換句話說,性興奮就足夠讓人想要有性,性高潮可以說只是附加的好處,這樣的多餘的強烈誘因,是否真的有存在的必要?</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">並且,這個理論不能解釋為何男女有別,不能解釋為何女性需要比男性更強烈的動機來發生性行為。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另外我發現,當獎勵出現的機率是</span><span lang="EN-US">50%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">左右時,我們的行為會最傾向尋求獎勵(</span><span lang="EN-US">Zeiler, 1972</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。但根據統計資料,只有約</span><span lang="EN-US">25%~34%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的女性能頻繁的得到高潮,中獎理論無法解釋為什麼女性性高潮的可能性低於一半,這之中是否還有什麼調節因素?</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">擇偶論:哦!我的白馬王子</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這個理論又被稱為「白馬王子假設」。他認為,性高潮是女性用來選擇配偶的工具,最能帶給女性性高潮的男性,也是幫助女性孕育子代的最佳配偶。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Alcock</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">將女性性高潮詮釋為女性一種在不自覺中運用的方法,藉此評價她的男性伴侶,判斷對方的基因品質是否優秀,值得與他孕育後代,因此女性性高潮當然不會伴隨著每一次的性交出現。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從女性的繁殖利益來看女性性高潮:</span><span lang="EN-US">Alcock</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">假設,如果一個關心對方是否達到性高潮的男人,會是一個關愛子女的父親的話,那麼從進化觀點看,女性祖先就可以根據前者來衡量後者。換言之,假如在床上的「好情人」會成為家庭的「好父親」的話,那麼女性在擇偶時,心裡想找到這種體貼型情人的好處就會比較多,得到性高潮的女性就篩選出會當好父親的男人。經由選擇得到了好丈夫,她們便可以確保子女得到較好的關愛。他認為女性是在測試(或許是無意識的機制)愛人的體貼程度,希望能夠找到一個關心他們、確保他們享受性快感的對象廝守終生,而且根據「如果他們能夠確保讓我享受性高潮,那麼他就比較可能帶孩子去看球賽。」的邏輯推演,這樣的男性會是比較體貼的配偶及慈祥的父親。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">換句話說,</span><span lang="EN-US">Lolyd</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">認為女性高潮「是女性身體傳送給大腦的一個訊號,讓他知道他正和『社會地位』處於高位的男性發生關係」。能讓女性高潮的男性,更可能是了解自己、關注自己需求、在意自己、願意對自己付出與投資的男性,這使女性可以因此推論這名男性會是個好父親。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">女性短期性交不易獲得高潮</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: BiauKai;">男性和女性在做露水鴛鴦上平等的性解放概念,假設了與其相匹配的性快感的可能性。但是,在這個方面男女並不平等…<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>–<span lang="EN-US">Kim Wallen</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">演化生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Justin R.
Garcia</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對</span><span lang="EN-US">600</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名大學生進行了調查,發現女性在認真的感情關係中性交或口交時達到高潮的可能性,是勾搭行為中達到高潮可能性的兩倍。類似地,一項在過去</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年中對</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所大學的</span><span lang="EN-US">24000</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名學生做的調查發現,約</span><span lang="EN-US">40%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的女性在最近一次包括性交的勾搭中獲得性高潮,而男性則是</span><span lang="EN-US">80%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。同樣地,約四分之三的接受調查女性說,她們在與固定伴侶的最近一次性交中達到了性高潮。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社會學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Paula England</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說,「我們將其歸結為與伴侶的練習,練習給達到性高潮帶來更高的成功率,我們也認為,處於戀愛關係中的男性更關心這一點。」的確,研究調查的年輕男性往往承認,相對他們與之戀愛的女性而言,他們更少關注讓與之發生偶暫式性交的女方得到滿足。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">優勢特質</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">動物學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Randy Thornhill</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">及心理學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Steven Gangestad</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">推論,女性在與身體構造較為對稱的男性性交時,會比較容易獲致性高潮,因為這種體格的對稱性代表較高的基因品質。他們推論女性高潮是演化適應的結果,因為交配高潮可能是天擇演化中選來促使雌性與具備顯型特質(</span><span lang="EN-US">phenotypic quality</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)的雄性之間發生親密關係。(不過</span><span lang="EN-US">Lloyd</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指出</span><span lang="EN-US">Thornhill</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的研究有其侷限,只涵蓋</span><span lang="EN-US">45%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">偶有性高潮的女性,排除了性高潮頻率極高和極低的兩類女性。)</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">心理學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Told Shackelford</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Thornhill</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發現高潮的頻率和男性伴侶的外表魅力成正比,而魅力的標準是由主觀的評斷和臉孔對稱指數來衡量。同樣的,在演化上,魅力和健康與整體遺傳價值息息相關。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Thomas Poller</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Daniel Nettle</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">做了一個聳動的研究,根據受測者的自述,和富有男伴約會或結婚的中國婦女,比伴侶賺得較少的婦女,更常發生性高潮。亦即,男性伴侶的收入和女性高潮頻率息息相關,而且成正比,即使作者排除了包括健康、快樂、教育程度、女性個人收入等許多外在變數之後,這個收入效應依舊十分明顯。就這方面來說,女性高潮可能扮演情感上的連結角色,促使和地位較高的男性發生性行為,也因此提高受孕的機會。(然而,男人在性交中與前後的行為,有可能比他的社會資本或淨值更重要。)在動物上也可以看到類似的情況:母日本彌猴在和地位高的公猴交配時,較常展現「似高潮」的緊握反應。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">批評</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《</span><span lang="EN-US">New Scientist</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》指出,針對其他靈長類動物的研究已經證實擇偶論不可靠,例如母獼猴大多透過和同性獼猴之間得到高潮(至少是似高潮反應)。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">William H.
Masters</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與</span><span lang="EN-US"> Virginia E. Johnson</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Masters and Johnson</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這兩個名字之所以成為「人類性行為研究」的同義詞,是因為他們於</span><span lang="EN-US">1966</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年出版的《人類的性反應》對女性性高潮的研究做出了突破性貢獻。)他們做了大量的實驗室研究,仔細觀察男女的性交過程,從而發現了著名的「子宮吸吮效應」:女性在性高潮過程中,子宮內的壓力會增加;隨著這種壓力的增加,會導致身體不由自主地吸入更多的精子,從而造成受孕機率的提高。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他們觀察到,男女如果採用面對面腹貼的性交姿勢,女性最容易達到陰蒂性高潮。從生理反應看,女性達到性高潮最頂點的時候,陰道外部會有節律地收縮</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">到</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">次,而陰道內側則會膨脹,子宮也會收縮好幾秒鐘。女性的陰蒂受到刺激,腦垂體就會釋放出催產素,這種荷爾蒙可能就是促成上述生殖器反應的媒介。陰道的節律性收縮就會把精液送入子宮,從而提高了懷孕的機率。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Robin Baker</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Mark Bellis</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在《</span><span lang="EN-US">Human Sperm Competition</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》中提到兩種假設:戰斧(</span><span lang="EN-US">poleax</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)和上吸(</span><span lang="EN-US">upsuck</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。上吸(</span><span lang="EN-US">upsuck</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)假設:性高潮陰道和子宮的收縮有助將精子吸入生殖腔,因此可以作為協助特定男性精子受精的一種輔助機制;女性可能會選擇性的保留或是排出不同男性遺留在他們體內的精子。在某些物種的鳥類,有時雌鳥交配後可能會完全排出雄鳥遺留在他們生殖腔內的精子,不過目前還不瞭解是透過什麼樣的機制進行。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">事實上,目前對陰道排出精子量的測量發現,一般情況下,男子射精後的</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分鐘內,女性排出的精子量約為總量的</span><span lang="EN-US">35%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。如果女性達到了性高潮,則會排出約</span><span lang="EN-US">30%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的精子(</span><span lang="EN-US">Danielle Cohen, Jay Belsky</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。這</span><span lang="EN-US">5%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的差別似乎不大。但心理學家假定,如果這種</span><span lang="EN-US">5%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的差別始終存在,並且一代傳給一代,那麼疊加起來就會變成進化過程中的一種「選擇性壓力」。這意味著,如果女性沒有達到性高潮,那就會浪費更多的精子。因此,子宮吸吮效應證明,女子性高潮的功能,就在於把精子從陰道送入子宮頸而後直達子宮,從而提高懷孕的幾率。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">批評</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有</span><span lang="EN-US">70%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">沒有藉由性交得到高潮的女性可以由自慰得到高潮(</span><span lang="EN-US">Shere Hite, 2004; Elisabeth A. Lloyd, 2005</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),若上吸現象有穩定的選擇性壓力,那麼不應該只有部分的女性可以達到高潮,因為這表示未曾達到高潮的女性在演化上有先天上的劣勢。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Lloyd</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">認為性高潮有許多社會化和個人經驗的因素,不是可以藉由在實驗室從事性行為的研究而達成。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Masters</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Johnson</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的實驗方法也受到批評,他們的許多受試者是妓女,很有可能由於他們的大量性經驗產生偏差,而沒有辦法代表母群。並且在實驗室觀察的作法也受到質疑,受試者在實驗室無法完全放鬆,雖然他們有給予受試者練習的時段,但仍然與真實情況是不同的。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">平躺假設:困倦平躺保留精液</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Richard L.
Duncan</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">提出平躺假設,也就是</span><span lang="EN-US">Robin Bakerm</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與</span><span lang="EN-US">Mark Bellis</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">提出的戰斧(</span><span lang="EN-US">poleax</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)假設:人類演化到兩足直立行走的階段後,女性陰道與地面的相關位置不利於受精。因此女性性高潮的功能,就在於可以使女性困倦並保持平躺,以防止精子流出,從而提高受孕的可能性。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">批評</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">假如性高潮的目的,僅僅是為了讓女性保持平躺以防精子流出,那麼女性體內應該留存更多的精子。然而事實並非如此,精子流出的時間與女性體內遺留的精子量沒有任何關係。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同時,戰斧假設不太可能是主導性高潮演化選擇的主要力量,因為這排除了人類以外的雌性動物也可能有性高潮,這之間是否有相關無法確定,雖然許多科學家都建議女性在行房後躺平,或採用特定體位性交,藉以增加受孕的機率,但到目前為止都還沒有足夠證據支持。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保護假設:避免幼兒受到傷害</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此假說認為雌性為避免雄性殺死嬰兒,欺騙雄性,分離性交與性高潮。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">靈長類動物學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Sarah Hrdy</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為解釋女性性高潮的起源而提出了保護假設。觀察發現,許多哺乳動物在懷孕期間,對性完全沒有興趣,而且在哺乳期間也不能再懷孕。此時,雄性為了自身的繁殖利益,便會殺死嬰兒,以便讓雌性排卵和受孕的迴圈重新開始。於是他假設:遠古時代懷孕的女性,為了保護嬰兒免遭雄性的殺害,只好答應雄性的性要求。雄性以殺掉嬰兒來脅迫女性投入於性,這有助於解釋女性會渴望得到性高潮(至少是陰蒂高潮),即使是她還處在哺乳和撫養嬰兒的時期。按照這一假設,把性交與性高潮分開,不僅不會限制一個女人的性,反而鼓勵她去和許多男性共用雲雨之歡,從而也避免了男性去傷害她的孩子。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">由於人類是動物中少數隱藏排卵期的生物之一。男性沒有可靠的方法確知他們的性伴侶何時能受精。人類幾乎持續不斷的性行為可以被視作人類隱蔽排卵期的直接後果。多數其他動物都將性活動限定在廣而告之的排卵期前後的發情期階段。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Hrdy</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:「雌性在短時間內連續跟不同對象交配,因此讓他的幼雛逃過一劫,提高他們的存活機率。所以重點不只是在高潮,而是在兩次高潮之間,不需要間隔長時間沒有性反應的多次高潮。」</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">父權確定假設</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">女性的高潮意在向對方傳遞這樣一種信息:你讓我獲得極大的滿足,因而我會對你的性忠誠。藉此提升對方的親子關係(父權)確定感,繼而獲得對方對自己與子代更大的投資和付出。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但這卻無法解釋為何女性不總是會性高潮,基於這種理論下的最佳策略應該是:在所有性交情況下都獲得性高潮,藉此得到男性的穩定持續投資。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">父權混淆假設</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">女性性高潮促使她願意與多個不同的異性發生性關係,使得更多的異性願意保護並投資她的子代。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而女性性交前所能獲得的好處,似乎遠低於懷孕及撫育幼兒的成本,儘管他可以與多位異性性交,獲得許多好處,但遠比不尚未幼兒找一個穩定的父親來的划算。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">General Discussion</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些理論中沒有任何一個是獨立且完美的。父權確定假設及父權混淆假設都是簡單但邏輯基礎不足的理論:這兩個假設都認為女性的性高潮是一種「傳遞訊息」的工具,然而若單單是為了傳遞訊息是否有必要花這麼大的「力氣」來高潮呢?之中的成本與報酬令人質疑。另外,此二理論都認為女性高潮得以換來許多好處,包括父權確定假設推演出的單配偶制,使的幼童可以獲得穩定投資,但同樣的,這樣的花費心力是否值得?若高潮真的可以因此「綁」住男方,那麼無高潮的女性不就應該早就絕種?父權混淆則相反,認為是為了獲得不同異性的投資,然而人已脫離群體交配,這難道不是暗示高潮只是演化下遺留的副產品?並且,獲得男性的短期投資從來就不是女性所要擔心的,而是如何能獲得長期的投資才是女性需要擔心的問題。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從胚胎發育的觀點,女性高潮似乎就只是副產品。但仍有可能是:產出了副產品後發現有其效果而留下繼續演化。或許副產品假設可以解釋「由來」,但未解釋男女有別的高潮生理差異。有一個可能是:副產品理論和其他理論同時都是對的,女性性高潮純粹是男性性高潮的副產品而產生,但在這之後女性的高潮仍繼續演化,造成現在的差異。這同樣可以解釋女性的陰蒂高潮對繁衍似乎少有助力,但陰道高潮之感受卻類似於陰蒂高潮,而需要更複雜的外來刺激來達成。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">享樂假設與擇偶論都是偏向於行為主義的觀點,將高潮解釋為某種操控女性行為的刺激,但亦仍有其不足之處。然享樂假設雖無法解釋性高潮之必要性,但對於性別差異上的解釋似乎是足夠的:女性在養育後代的投資上需要付出比男性多出許多的代價,因此女性的高潮需要更強烈、更誘人,但偶爾才能得到。同樣的,擇偶論與享樂假設有其互相解釋之處:女性因為欲得到高潮而促進性交發生,但又無法在每個男性身上都得到高潮,因此必須追求更好、更適合的伴侶。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,女性的高潮在種類上有所差異,至少分為陰蒂高潮與陰道高潮,若享樂與擇偶是高潮的意義,那是否意味著陰蒂高潮單純剩下副產品之解釋了。一般來說,陰道高潮對於女性有更大的影響力,因為通常同時需要肌肉撞擊等情境來達成,不是女性一人所可以達成,但陰蒂高潮則相反,自慰無法得到高潮的女性只有約</span><span lang="EN-US">14%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。又或者是陰蒂高潮是副產品,但因為有使女性渴望陰道高潮的作用而在演化中被留下?</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">根據科學研究所得到的子宮吸吮效應在實驗結果上似乎非常有說服力,但仍無法排除為何不是子宮吸吮效應其實才是真正的副產品?另外,若這</span><span lang="EN-US">5%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保留精液能力的差異持續發揮演化壓力,那些無法高潮的女性是否應該遭到淘汰呢?並且,在許多物種中雌性個體都是試圖排除體內的精子,以留下品質較優良的,為何人類雌性是希望全數保留?個人認為,子宮吸吮和平躺假設是個「解釋高潮附帶功能」的理論,並無法說明女性性高潮之演化意義,同時因為其機制與運作方式(陰道規律收縮等)或使人平躺的慾望在演化上似乎太過複雜,因此純粹只是得到後遺留下來的「好的副產品」。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">總結來說,個人認為副產品假設足以解釋女性性高潮最初始的由來,特別是陰蒂高潮的部分,但在演化的過程中,產生了享樂、擇偶的附帶好處,或許在這之後才出現了陰道高潮,使女性得以因高潮而增加尋找更為合適的伴侶的動力。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">男女性高潮的不同之處</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一般認為,女性性高潮是一種極其強烈的身心反應;其反應模式及高潮持續的時間上都不同于男性性高潮,比男性的高潮來得更強烈、更持久,快感區域分佈也更廣。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儘管男女在性高潮中都處於極樂或「熱血沸騰」的狀態,但男女雙方對這種性高潮的體驗卻是相對不同的。大致上說,女性的性高潮一般可持續一到數分鐘,而男性的性高潮一般只持續數秒鐘。從性生理上看,在一次性高潮過去之後,女性幾乎立即可以得到恢復,而男性的恢復期則或多或少要長些。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">研究發現,在真正歡樂的巔峰,女人的腦處於「停機」狀態,腦部包括掌管恐懼、情緒的區域,都比較不活動;如果假裝性高潮,這些腦部區域依然活躍。另外,跟意識有關的腦皮質,在假裝性高潮時相當活化;真正達到高潮,就顯得「安靜」多了。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">證據顯示,我們的祖先熱愛「狂歡式性愛」。這種生理傾向使女性生殖器官內留存較多精液,增加懷孕機會。所以,女性如果要一次又一次性高潮,通常要比較長的性愛時間,這意味著她們或許需要同時與多個伴侶發生關係。獼猴、黑猩猩等一些與人類十分相近的靈長類動物,常會透過「群體性交」的方式使女性達到高潮。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: BiauKai;">平均而言,女人的肉體上的性衝動不像男人那麼強烈,而且挑逗性慾的過程也比較慢;從演化的角度來說,他們必須比較謹慎,而且避免『速戰速決』的男性高潮,也比較符合他們的利益。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: BiauKai;">–<span lang="EN-US">Malcolm Potts & Roger Short,
1999</span></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">性高潮是否是人類獨有的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至少在上世紀</span><span lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代,靈長類動物學家還認為,在野生的靈長類動物中,雌性的性高潮是極其罕見的。性學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Alfred Kinsey</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">曾寫道:「在靈長類動物中,雌性有性高潮的證據,到目前為止僅能從被俘獲的動物中取得。在可以觀察到有明顯雌性高潮證據的案例中,雌性高潮均是由直接並持續刺激其陰蒂或陰蒂區而得到的,或是由實驗所設計的,或是由她與另一動物磨擦身體而得到的。」雌性動物雖有觀察到「劇烈反應」,但這並不意味著她們已達到性高潮。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">到了</span><span lang="EN-US">70</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代,學術界開始了重新評估:「雌性靈長類多半可以達到性高潮」。截尾彌猴(</span><span lang="EN-US">Macaca artoides</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)雌猴在交配時會出現「緊握」(</span><span lang="EN-US">clutching</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)反應,這時候雌猴會轉頭看他的伴侶(這些猴子不是採取面對面的體位交配,而是雄猴趴伏在雌猴背上),並且試圖碰觸他。用這些資料來比對在實驗室裡刺激雌猴陰蒂和陰道所觀察到的行為,似乎可以推論這些雌猴確實經歷類似人類的性高潮快感。</span><span lang="EN-US">Alfonso Troisi</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Monica Carosi</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的研究在兩百四十個交配案例中觀察到八十個類似性高潮的反應。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Malcolm Potts</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Roger Short</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指出,人類以外的某些物種可能比較容易達到高潮,因為他們陰蒂的位置比較靠近陰道。人類不容易達到高潮是因為人類的嬰兒較大,骨盤為了配合嬰兒的體型,導致尿道和陰蒂都跟陰道離得很遠。但人類以外的動物是否比較容易達到高潮目前還沒有資料印證。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">男性生殖器的演化意義</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">根據心理學家蓋洛普的說法,人類的陰莖其實是非常了不起的「工具」。每個人的尺寸各不相同,但和其他靈長類比起來,人類的陰莖特別大。在勃起時,它平均長度達</span><span lang="EN-US">12.7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至</span><span lang="EN-US">15.2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,周長可達</span><span lang="EN-US">12.7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分,即使是和人類現有關係最接近的黑猩猩,比較之下也相去甚遠,如果計入身高體重,那麼黑猩猩的陰莖在長度和周長兩方面,都只約人類的一半而已。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人類陰莖最重要的特色並不是龜頭本身,而是其下的冠狀脊。</span><span lang="EN-US">Rebecca Burch</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在《</span><span lang="EN-US">evolutionary psychology</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》中指出「較長的陰莖不但能把精液留在陰道較難接近的部位,而且藉著填滿和擴張整個陰道,也有助於除去其他男性留下的精液,從而提升自己做父親的機會。」</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">精子細胞可以在子宮頸黏液中存活數天,若在這段時間內有一名以上的性伴侶,那麼這兩名男性的精子就要為進入他的卵子而競爭。(有一個案例是男性異奇偶性(</span><span lang="EN-US">heteropairty</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)雙胞胎,是由兩個不同的父親在很短的時間之內,接連和他們的母親發生性行為而造成的。)</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">根據蓋洛普的「去除他人精液理論」,男性的陰莖造型能夠有效的把競爭對手的精液由自己伴侶的陰道中排除。更明確的說,冠狀脊發揮作用,除去了外人精子,根據這個分析,抽插的效果就是為了要把其他男性的精子由子宮頸內抽出,聚在冠狀脊。在《</span><span lang="EN-US">Evolution and Human Behavior</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》中他甚至還製造了人造性器官模型和人造精液來作為實驗,發現有冠狀脊的陰莖可由人造陰道中抽出</span><span lang="EN-US">91%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的精液,沒有冠狀脊的只移除了</span><span lang="EN-US">35.3%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另外,男方指責女性不忠後,雙方發生性行為時,男性陰莖抽送的動作往往更深入更快速。男女分別之後再重逢的第一次性行為往往更激烈。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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補充:女性性高潮的關鍵:「The Mind」。<br />
University of Ottawa的性學研究所受訪指出:女性高潮的關鍵:「內心越是淫蕩的女性,越容易放得開,比較容易敏感,最後升天;反觀對性愛比較「淡定」的女性,高潮就離自己比較遠」。原文指出:Women in the study who reported regularly reaching orgasm during sex seemed to be more focused on their bodily sensations during intercourse than the women who had trouble having regular orgasms with their partners, the researchers said.<br />
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英文原文:<a href="http://www.livescience.com/47023-sexy-thoughts-mind-female-orgasm.html" target="_blank">Sexy Thoughts: The Mind Is Key in Female Orgasm</a><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參考文獻</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Zeiler, MD. (1972). Fixed-interval behavior: effects of
percentage reinforcement. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior</i> 17 (2): 177–89. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.95; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Shere Hite. (2004). The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study
of Female Sexuality. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New York, NY: Seven
Stories Press</i>. pp. 512 pages. ISBN 1-58322-569-2. Retrieved March 2, 2012.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Shere Hite. (2006). On female sexuality in the 21st
century. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Independent</i>. April 30,
2006. Retrieved April 10, 2011.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Elisabeth Anne Lloyd. (2005). The case of the female
orgasm: bias in the science of evolution. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harvard
University Press</i>. pp. 21–53. ISBN 0-674-01706-4. Retrieved January 5, 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.95; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Diana O. Fisher, Michael C. Double, Simon P. Blomberg,
Michael D. Jennions & Andrew Cockburn. (2006). Post-mating sexual selection
increases lifetime fitness of polyandrous females in the wild. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nature</i> 2006 Nov. 2.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Malcolm Potts, Roger Short. (1999). Ever since Adam and
Eve.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Marlene Zuk. (2003). Sexual Selections: What We Can and
Can’t Learn about Sex from Animals. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Jesse Bering</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(民</span><span lang="EN-US">102</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">);下流科學:是天性還是怪癖?從「性」看穿人性!;漫遊者文化事業股份有限公司。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Robert Wright</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(民</span><span lang="EN-US">86</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">);性、演化、達爾文:人是道德的動物?;張老師文化事業股份有限公司。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Marlene Zurk</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(民</span><span lang="EN-US">93</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">);物競性擇:你可以從動物身上得到什麼樣的「性」啟示?;書林出版有限公司。</span></div>
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番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-81583371097639051022014-05-25T22:19:00.000+08:002014-05-25T22:21:27.176+08:00媒體亂象是誰的責任?有解決之道嗎? 多數人喜歡「媒體亂象是閱聽者與媒體的共同責任」這樣的說法,這些人暫時忽略兩者的責任分配,認為將此現象歸咎於這兩者是絕對正確的。然而,我認為媒體亂象這個問題應該以不同角度依序切入:第一,如何判斷責任歸屬;第二,價值判斷;第三,從演化角度分析解決之道。 <br />
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<a name='more'></a><h3>
因果關係並非責任歸屬 </h3>
我們通常同意媒體亂象的原因是閱聽者,這是因為是閱聽者在選擇其所要接受的媒體。我們的判斷方式是:我們可以透過改變閱聽者(的喜好),進而改善或強化媒體亂象;若是改變媒體而不改變閱聽者,則終究會回到媒體亂象。但儘管因果關係是如此容易確立,卻不能由此推論責任歸屬。 <br />
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若一件事是某人所造成的,是否就是他的責任?絕對不一定。一個闖紅燈的機車騎士,受到遵守交通規則的駕駛衝撞。部分的人傾向認為衝撞的車為「原因」,因為是他撞的,而機車騎士是被撞;然而若加入了理性判斷,我們會把責任歸咎於闖紅燈的騎士,並因此改口為「騎士是肇事原因」、「駕駛只是純粹物理撞擊事件的原因」。由此可見,原因來源並不可以直接推論到責任歸屬。 <br />
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<h3>
責任歸屬的判斷條件 </h3>
若要確認媒體亂象的責任歸屬,必須先建立一個好的責任歸屬判斷條件。從上例可以發現,我們並不以原因來源區分責任,而是以「價值判斷」來確認,也就是「是非對錯」:機車騎士違規在先,因此他必須承擔他自己受衝撞的責任。 <br />
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或許有些人不滿意這樣的看法,認為責任雖主要是機車騎士,但駕駛者亦有其責任。故在此我希望能明確的定義:責任最大者就是責任歸屬。否則依此看法,任何人對於任何事都會有責任,只是程度上的差別,而我們在意的通常只是責任最大者,而非所有人的責任之程度分布。 <br />
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<h3>
究竟是誰錯了? </h3>
確立了判斷基礎後,根據價值判斷,我們可以發現媒體亂象根本無法歸屬責任,而這並非判斷條件不好,而是媒體與閱聽者「根本就沒有錯」。對錯判斷在這裡並非我們常見的倫理判斷,而是「合理與否」的判斷。 <br />
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媒體沒有錯,因為市場篩選的緣故必須為收視率而生存,媒體業者本是營利事業而非慈善機構,首要目標理當為利益最大化。若今天有公益組織的媒體,產生相同的亂象,我們會毫無疑問的認為是他們的責任。而閱聽者亦沒有錯,人的喜好是有個人差異的,而這些喜好只要非病態絕無對錯之分,喜好腥羶色的報導絕不足以構成「錯的喜好」,事實上,這可能就存在你我的本性之中,而天擇結果亦是絕無對錯之分的,因此責任歸屬也不會在閱聽者身上。 <br />
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至於其他受判斷者,如政府,某些人會因為沒有立法控管而認為責任在於政府的政策制定上。這些批評看似合理,但卻未考慮現實因素,我們無法明確定義何種報導不該出現、何種可以,並以法規強制限制。若有人可以提出這樣的一個判斷標準,政府沒有制定政策便是不合理的。但目前為止,反而是制定了一個不合宜的政策會是更不合理的,因此政府也沒有錯,沒有任何人對媒體亂象有責任。 <br />
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而這意思是指,我們無法判斷責任「最大」者,但實際責任存在閱聽者、媒體與政府間,只是我們無法判斷何者責任最大,因此也無法做出責任歸屬。 <br />
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<h3>
媒體的演化與解決之道 </h3>
若要改善此現象,我們可以提出許多辦法,但實際可行的卻少之又少,當然,若有容易可行的方法,我們早就這麼做了。有許多我們一般會想到的方法,如:改善媒體素質。此方法提倡者認為媒體該由內而外進行整頓,改善其報導內容,並會在閱聽者間得到回饋,大家會以行動支持之。姑且不論是否有辦法令媒體「良心發現」自行整頓,若真有媒體這麼做了,閱聽者的回應到底會是如何?我們以價值判斷認為「閱聽者應該會支持」,但實際上不會。 <br />
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我們可以視媒體改變的過程如同演化過程,演化的改變無論是漸進、微小的或巨大、有斷層的,皆會在環境中淘汰不適合的改變,而媒體的報導必定是變動的,我們可以合理假設媒體曾嘗試或無意間改變,然而不穩定的策略已經遭到淘汰,換句話說,現在的報導策略為最符合環境的策略,也就是媒體亂象其實是最好的策略。因此媒體自行整頓是可能的,但為不適合環境的、不穩定的策略,根據麥柯阿瑟(R. H. MacArthur)的演化穩定策略(ESS, evolutionary stable strategy),不穩定的策略必遭到淘汰。而我們也可以合理推測,那些不改變報導方式的媒體已經遭到淘汰或被迫改變。 <br />
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<h3>
「媒體素養教育」可行嗎? </h3>
而另一個常被大眾所提出的策略是看似較可行的,也就是「媒體素養教育」。從相同觀點,我們可以合理推測現今的媒體策略已經穩定,但這是在環境不變的前提下,當環境改變,最適策略可能會因此改變。因此許多人認為應該改變的是閱聽者的胃口,也就是改變「媒體演化所處的環境」。此方法是邏輯上可行且合理的,然而問題出在要改變閱聽者的胃口並不如在實際的自然界中放把森林大火一般容易。閱聽者的胃口是自幼時所塑造,多數人的胃口在定型後已經難以改變,儘管可以做表面上的轉換(在有第三者時,我們可以假裝看很有深度的新聞以提高自身形象);但在獨處時多數人仍然會想看自己原本想看的新聞。因此,要改變閱聽者的偏好最好方式是從教育著手,使有新偏好的閱聽者之整體比例逐漸提高。 <br />
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此方式是最有可能實行的方法,然而若我們以經濟收益的角度看待這樣的教育變化,會發現其效益非常低。若我們施以倫理教育,其所得的報酬有穩定社會的功效,並有附帶促進經濟成長的作用(偷竊減少)。但反觀若我們施行「媒體素養教育:提高國人媒體閱聽之選擇能力。其報酬非常低,多數人會認為這樣是「好的」,但其實無利可圖,無論有無改善,媒體的運作是相同的(改善後新聞成本反而會變高),而報酬是或許可以提高閱聽者的資訊擷取品質,但其好處不會直接反應到營利事業(媒體)的收益上。因此改善不可能發生,除非有第三方不為營利投入成本,例如政府不計損失強制進行「媒體素養教育改革」。 <br />
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<h3>
如何會有亂象? </h3>
既然媒體亂象是社會演進之下的自然結果,那為何會有這個亂象?換句話說,如果這是自然現象,怎麼能稱之為「亂象」,或我們怎麼會意識到這個問題? <br />
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這是因為演化朝向的方向不一定是人們所喜愛的,如同物種會絕種,但人們希望可以保育牠。演化是不包含善惡、獨立於人意識之外的,因此會有我們不喜歡的現象發生、會有我們無法接受的事情出現,我們或許不能改變媒體亂象,但可以改變自己的想法,我們對媒體演化所處的環境有一絲微薄的影響力,我們可以藉由判斷對錯、拒看報導不實的媒體影響其報導策略,或許投資報酬率小、或許努力可能白費,但這是我們能影響媒體演化的最佳行為。 番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-90277955304329312422014-05-25T22:16:00.000+08:002014-05-25T22:21:03.202+08:00 論科學研究、商業利益與社會責任 <h3>
三者的最大化問題 </h3>
三者所追求的在本質上是完全不同的:科學研究所追求的是知識與研究結果的最大化,商業利益則是追求利益的最大化,社會責任則是讓社會成本最小化。因此三者會產生衝突,而要如何在這些衝突中找到平衡,則是主要的問題。 <br />
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<a name='more'></a> 科學研究所追求的知識最大化是一個抽象的概念,不只是人所可以既載的知識或論文的數目,而是全體人類所擁有與渴望擁有的知識;商業利益也並非單純是金錢的最大化,而是「可能的經濟收入與潛在利益」的最大化,任何可能成為商業利益的事物或知識都算在內;社會責任則主要指的是,對「由追求利益或任何結果所產生的社會成本」的責任,而此責任在於最小化社會成本,降低此成本對於社會的不良反應。 <br />
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三者有一些稍嫌複雜的關係:科學研究與商業利益可以相輔相成,而商業利益容易促進「部分」的科學研究,但兩者都可能產生外部的社會成本,商業利益所產生的社會成本可能是最大的,但過大的社會成本可能影響另外兩者的運作。 <br />
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<h3>
族群或個體的利益最大化 </h3>
並非在三者中任取兩者的同時最大化或三者加總的最大化便是最佳解,也不是討論三者的權重與計算後的最大化,我們該探討的是我們究竟想要什麼東西的最大化,而我認為,我們通常所需要的是群體利益的最大化或個人利益的最大化。 <br />
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在我們要追求的目標是族群利益最大化的前提下,我們要做的應該是優先降低社會成本,同時極大化多數人的利益,最後才是追求少數人利益的最大化。因此這時我們取捨的優先順序是:社會責任、科學研究、商業利益。然而,這個前提並不是完全合理的,從結論可以發現,在這樣的前提下商業利益會受到損失,因此威脅到科學研究的進展程度,且某些人不會認同這樣的次序,有許多人認為個人利益的最大化是較重要的,畢竟追求多數人利益的最大化並不會為自己帶來大量好處。 <br />
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但若是前提改變為要追求個人利益的最大化,則順序變為:商業利益、科學研究、社會責任。在這種情況下,社會成本會變得極大,因此傷害社會責任,而可能只會促進某小部分的科學研究進展。這也不大家所樂見的。 <br />
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<h3>
基因利益最大化 </h3>
那麼,我們要如何在族群利益與個人利益間取得平衡呢?這則必須考慮演化穩定策略(ESS,evolutionary stable strategy)。根據生物學研究,在某些生物中會有互利行為,其互利行為對整個族群有極大的幫助,但卻不利於個體,這些行為對個體的好處是在某種程度上增進了其基因的傳遞機率。人的道德系統亦是一種互利系統,我們處在互利系統並維持其運作,目的是為了獲得未來的利益及極大化族群利益。因此在族群利益與個人利益間會有一個平衡點,他恰巧會是極大化了「基因的利益」。而這並非空談,雖在計算上非常複雜,但目前人類社會中的道德系統便是接近這樣的分配,目前的道德系統最大化了族群內對於所有基因的利益,若單看族群利益與個體的利益,都是沒有達到最大化的。這樣的機制是演化下的產物,那是因為演化的基本單位是基因而非個體或族群。 <br />
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因此,根據演化機制,首要原則是「基因利益最大化」,而在之中產生一個「個體利益最大化」與「族群利益最大化」的平衡,在這個平衡之下,再找到一個「知識最大化」、「利益最大化」、「社會成本最小化」的平衡,也就是題目所述的「科學研究」、「商業利益」、「社會責任」。 <br />
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<h3>
現今的狀態 </h3>
但究竟如何是平衡呢?我無法肯定,但我會斷言:現今已經是極度接近平衡的狀態(整體看來)。理由是人類文化是個變動的演化過程,文化的演化會遭到外來文化的適應與同化,在這樣似基因的競爭過程中,較好的價值觀被留下,因此目前全球化的趨勢下,對於「科學研究」、「商業利益」與「社會責任」整體是趨向於「基因利益最大化」的平衡,而這當然是在無人為意識與操控的情況下所完成的。 <br />
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而我們的問題來自於:我們說不出平衡是什麼,但仍認為要有個平衡。因為我們無法量化計算三者的變動曲線,因此找不出最大化的平衡點,但我們確實相信平衡點存在。因此這個問題會十分容易被注意到並受到討論,但事實上演化機制已經替我們計算清楚,只是我們無法意識到答案罷了。 番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-55424780224893571612014-05-25T22:14:00.000+08:002014-05-25T22:20:48.001+08:00 論創造生命之意義與責任 西元2010年,科學家成功創造出第一個完全由人造基因控制的單細胞細菌。隨著日漸成熟的生物技術,從複製體到組織培養,隨之而來的倫理問題棘手地讓人難以應付。有些人認為這些問題是科技進步的絆腳石,某些人認為比起科技進展這些倫理問題顯得微不足道。 <br />
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<h3>
生命的形式 </h3>
為什麼我們通常希望能早日培養出人造器官供病患移植,但卻不接受複製人?難道可以用細胞、組織、器官、系統到個體的分界定義出不得複製高於系統的生物結構?為何目前法規只限制複製個體,卻不限制組織培養的研究?事實上,我們在意的並不是創造出的東西是否是一個個體或器官,而是他是否「似人」。 <br />
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<a name='more'></a> 這是一個含糊的概念,因為我們無法輕易定義出一個倫理上不允許的生命。但肯定的是我們都可以接受複製一個和人類極度不相似的生命,如蘭花;但若複製一個和人相似性較高的生物,如黑猩猩,則會產生爭議。因此問題的爭議顯然不單純在於創造生命,而是「創造似人的生命」。 <br />
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<h3>
創造的方式 </h3>
但問題沒有這麼單純,懷孕生子顯然也是「創造似人的生命」,但這卻沒有倫理問題。就算一對父母都生活條件極差到三餐不濟,使得嬰兒一出生後母親和嬰兒都因沒有食物而餓死,我們仍只會認為其行為不理智,並不會說他不道德。因此這裡的「創造」所關注的焦點應該是「以非自然的方法」,也就是以人為的方式創造生命。但這卻會成為「人為成分多寡」的問題:為何我們通常可以接受人工受孕,卻不接受複製人呢?人工受孕以人為方式體外受精,再將受精卵放入母親子宮內著床孕育;複製人則是放入人造胚胎。為何人為的成分多了一些,大家便不接受了呢?難道這之間可以劃分出一個明確的界線:不能再比人工受孕還更不自然嗎? <br />
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問題現在變成了「以非自然的方法創造似人生命」,多數人認為不應該用很不自然的方式造出似人生命(複製人),但以稍微不自然的方式卻可以(人工受孕),用很不自然的方式造出不似人的生命也可以(複製植物)。究竟這之間有沒有明確的區分標準呢?我們完全找不到一個可以明確區分「多像人可以接受」和「多不自然的方式可以接受」的標準,這完全是程度上的問題,少一點可以,多一點不行,但我們又找不到分界點,那該如何是好? <br />
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<h3>
為何不接受 </h3>
某些接受似人生命的人認為,應該要視生命誕生後其所受到的待遇而定,若他享有權利、處在與常人相同的成長環境則是可以接受的;而反對者認為並不是誕生後的待遇問題,而是這個人所會遭遇到的問題,如自身得知事實後的矛盾、家庭責任的歸屬以及複製者對其的操控,甚至擔心會變成商業行為影響自然生態。 <br />
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而這些問題都來自一個人的根本概念:「同理心」。由於我們的同理心,會想像自己身為複製人,認為複製人不會想受到不好的待遇、不想受到操控和有意的洗腦、不想延續因為擁有複製者基因的長處所產生的社會壓力(假如複製某一音樂天才,他是否會受到要從事創作的社會壓力)。我們假想自己處在這個位置,因此認為複製人不想、也不該承受如此多的問題,便因此抗拒複製人及任何似人動物。 <br />
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<h3>
該不該接受? </h3>
然而問題出在:這樣的同理心究竟有無意義?根據這樣的同理心判斷,我們會不希望三餐不濟的家庭懷孕生子、不希望處在惡劣環境下的黑猩猩交配,甚至可以說「人出生後會受到太多的痛苦,因此沒有人應該出生,為了新生命好,我們應該停止生育。」而這完全是無稽之談,是擅自替他人判斷其出生後的結果、擅自施加價值判斷於對他人的預測、擅自做出了「自認為好的」選擇在根本不存在的生命上。 <br />
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因此,我們完全不應該不接受新生命的誕生,無論是用自然與否的方式、無論其是否似人、無論其出生後是否會受苦受難。 <br />
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<h3>
該不該行之? </h3>
然而,我的立場在於應該要「接受」複製生命,但不表示應該「要」大量複製生命。複製生命是可行的,但並非是毫無前提、可以商業化、量產或罔顧後果的行為。 <br />
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複製生命有許多會連帶產生的問題,包含複製人究竟與被複製者算同一人,或是獨立個體?其法定代理人與未成年時的監護人問題等。這些問題是難以克服、甚至極端難衡量其利弊的,複製生命所帶來的好處與利益十分大,但其缺點與可能產生的問題也十分的多,我們現在處於無法適當衡量的困境,因此傾向保守。 <br />
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因此我認為,雖然我們應該接受複製生命,但保守的立場是好的、有助科技進展,也就是我們不應開始進行合法複製,但可以從事受到安全控制的實驗。 <br />
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<h3>
責任歸屬 </h3>
我認為要判斷責任歸屬,有一個最好的標準:「價值判斷」,也就是「如何對其最好」。若今天此被創造生命的責任歸屬於一個陌生人對他最好,則其責任應該屬於陌生人;若歸屬於創造者對他最好,則責任屬於創造者;若歸屬於政府最好,則歸屬於政府。重點在於「對這個生命」來說最好的責任歸屬便是其責任歸屬。 <br />
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因此,我們必須判斷若我們創造一個複製生命,如何歸屬是對其最好的。然而,這個問題根本無法回答,因為我們不知道創造者抱有何種心態及其目的為何。若今天一對父母懷孕,他們生小孩的目的在於對其從事人體實驗,則很明顯不該將責任歸屬於此對父母;同理,若創造複製生命者目的為實驗所需,則責任不該歸屬於創造者,而應該歸屬於願意保護、扶養這個生命的第三者,可能是陌生人或任何機構;但若創造者無特別目的,是為了滿足不孕,且創造者可以賦予親情與家庭的溫暖,這時我們將責任歸屬於第三者則對這個生命較不好,因此此時責任歸屬於創造者。 <br />
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這是一個不易判斷的責任歸屬判斷條件,但可以確保其正確性。然而問題是,我們多數時候根本無法確定創造者之目的,因此無法判斷責任歸屬於創造者或他人何者較好。而這個問題必須列入是否該進行複製生命的考慮條件中,也就是這是一個難以衡量的缺點,故應該審慎考慮。 番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-68532655585891729822014-05-25T22:10:00.000+08:002014-05-25T22:20:16.789+08:00 如何才是合乎良心,不致陷於黑心? 要討論良心,勢必得先了解道德。我們時常可以找到兩種極端的人:極度功利、自私的人,或富有道德感、為大眾著想的人。而這兩種人在行為上可能不會有極大的差別,自私的人仍然會因為行為對其有利而助人,但他們在意圖上卻有明顯的不同,而這之間的差別,就來自於「良心」。自私的人會計算行為所得利益,發現許多時候表現的像有良心一樣是最佳策略,如協助同學的課業,其增加了競爭對手的程度,可能相對降低自己的排名,但可以得到認同與感謝,並可能在之後得到回報;相反地,善良的人也會幫助同學,然而他不會是因為計算利益所得到的結論。 <br />
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這裡便會產生一個疑問:為什麼許多時候,自私的人精心計算的結果會和善良的人之行為不謀而合呢?換句話說,為什麼在多數情況下,最佳策略好像已經被「植入」普通人的行為模式中,「道德感」似乎已經在無意識之間幫我們計算出了最佳解? <br />
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<a name='more'></a><h3>
心理性道德 </h3>
根據心理學中的Mind Perception Theory,道德似乎可以被明確界定出來,此理論認為所謂的「不道德行為」有兩個必要條件:Agency與Experience。簡單來說,當某人打了另一個人,建立了受害者與加害者之間的關係後,我們要分別判斷:受害者是否會痛(Experience),以及加害者是否有意(Agency)。若加害者有意打了機器人,機器人不會痛,我們似乎就會因此認為這並沒有不道德;若加害者無意揮打到了某人,儘管此受害者會痛,但因為加害者無意,我們似乎也認為這並沒有不道德(但他仍須負責)。我個人認為,這樣的判斷條件足以成為標準。 <br />
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然而問題是,這樣的判斷標準實在太廣,許多時候困難的在於如何分辨加害者是否有意,我們傾向以整個環境脈絡解讀加害者的動機,但這會因此產生極大的文化差異。例如:當加害者殺害了受害者,我們可能認為他是不道德的;但若我們了解到,那是警察殺害了試圖反抗的殺人犯,那便沒有不道德;然而在某些部落中,加害者若殺害了其他部落的侵略者,不但沒有不道德,更可能被視為英雄。 <br />
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由此可見,雖我們可以建立一套泛文化的的判斷標準,但道德並不是如此簡單,且我們心目中真實的判斷標準並不是依靠此理論,我們是依照整體脈絡,進行「這件事在我的文化中是否被允許」的判斷。由這樣的結論,我們是無法定義一個絕對的道德標準的,就算在同一文化之下,仍可能會因為每人成長環境的不同而產生細微的判斷差異。 <br />
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此時,我們想問的是:道德存在認知差異、找不到一個公認標準,但在真實的世界中,是否有一個至高無上的道德標準? <br />
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<h3>
生物性道德 </h3>
霍布斯的道德起源說是多數人能接受的道德由來,其宣稱道德是一個互利系統,然其無法解釋之處是在此系統下理智判斷者應該背叛大眾,進而獲取最大利益,但多數人並沒有這麼做。我們可以大膽假設:沒有使道德崩壞的原因便是良心。良心壓抑了不道德行為的意圖,儘管有些人宣稱他沒有良心,但他通常仍有與良心運作方式相同的判斷條件(計算進他人觀感的期望值決策模型)。 <br />
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從演化上,良心的出現不但增加了基因延續的機率、維繫互利系統的運作,更有力的保證了人類道德系統的維持、並促成文化與科技的成長。既然如此,良心應該會有他的最佳標準,使道德系統可以以最有效率的方式運作,且這是在人的意識之外的。換言之,在生物圈中所遵循的「互利系統的運作標準」便足以稱作生物的道德。 <br />
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因此,我可以由此定義出一個生物界中的「生物良心」:族群(互利系統)內利益最大化。不符合族群利益最大化的決策,都是不合乎良心的,換句話說,就是黑心的。 <br />
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<h3>
如何選擇 </h3>
我們可以以一些極端的例子來檢視生物性道德在人類社會中是否適用:若最新的科技允許我們犧牲某一個人,便能治療一百個人的絕症。若那個人願意,他便是符合良心的,事實上,若犧牲了一個人可以拯救兩個人的性命,仍是符合良心的,因為這極大化了族群的利益。 <br />
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但容易產生爭議的地方在於:是否可以犧牲少數人的利益換取族群利益最大化,這是否是良心?根據心理性道德,受害者有感但加害者無意,支持者認為這是為了大家好,持反對立場者認為不能因為這樣犧牲少數,心理性道德沒辦法讓我們得到一個共識,所以這是一個有爭議的問題。然而,生物性道德不會有這個問題,它允許我們犧牲少數利益,換取利益最大化。在生物中,這種現象隨處可見:如工蟻的犧牲奉獻換取蟻后產能的最大化、蜜蜂捨身禦敵只為守護家園。生物性道德是常見於自然界中的,但與心理性道德產生差異的根本由來在於:人有意識。我們可以因此投射自身到受害者身上、產生同理心,並認為自己不會想承受之,因此認為那是違反心理性道德的。 <br />
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然而,既然要分辨如何是合乎良心,我們該問的便是:哪一種良心是最好、最接近真實世界的?而理所當然的,會是生物性道德,因此我認為合乎良心的定義就是合乎生物性道德:族群利益最大化。 <br />
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但這會讓人懷疑忽略心理性道德是否合理?我們通常認為心理性道德的存在必有其道理,甚至是人之所以為人的理由。 <br />
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<h3>
心理性道德的演化趨勢 </h3>
在生物的演化中,隨著時間的推移,生物道德是不會被違反的,因為擁有良好的共生系統,相當於有了演化上的優勢。極度容易受到剝削的基因會遭到淘汰、剝削力太強的基因也會因為沒有可供剝削者而破壞平衡,因此維持平衡的生物性道德共生系統遠勝於沒有道德的獨立個體集合。 <br />
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反觀心理道德,若在生物界中有個穩定的最佳策略,為何心理性道德不在這個穩定的情況內?事實上,文化的演進在無意間印證了演化趨勢,較穩定的道德制度在文化的概化與取代下被留住。例如古時婦女的纏小腳,現在看來是違反心理性道德和生物性道德的,但在當時卻只有違反生物性道德。當我們把道德制度放在時間的尺度上來看,可以發現心理道德有趨近生物道德的趨勢,而這是必然的,因為生物道德有演化優勢,且是最佳策略。因此不適宜的心理道德制度被淘汰,適當的被留下。<br />
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<h3>
結語 </h3>
合乎良心的行為是「符合生物性道德的」,以演化觀點足以說明為何非心理性道德。若在現代遭遇到符合生物道德但違反心理道德的情況,意味著心理道德的演進不完全。 番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-20202266960094118642014-04-01T00:50:00.001+08:002014-04-01T00:51:23.248+08:00心物世界 <ul>
<li>物理世界 </li>
<li>心理世界 </li>
<li>心物世界間的鴻溝 </li>
<ul>
<li>鴻溝的由來 </li>
</ul>
<li>心物世界間的橋樑 </li>
<ul>
<li>如何是資訊充足 </li>
</ul>
<li>心物世界的差異 </li>
<ul>
<li>道德 </li>
<li>因果關係 </li>
<li>理性與感性 </li>
<li>人與電腦 </li>
<li>語言與思考 </li>
<li>過程論與結果論 </li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul><ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<a name='more'></a><!--more--><br />
<h3>
物理世界 </h3>
物理世界是藉由物理定律所建構出的世界,他忠實、客觀的描述了世界的模樣,並且不會因為觀察者的不同而改變,物理世界不存在價值判斷,所有事件都是中性、無善惡之分的。 <br />
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許多認同科學,尤其是物理的人,會相信物理就是我們所認識的真實世界,否則怎麼能用簡單、漂亮的數學式表示?然而物理或許是一條通往真實世界的捷徑,也可能是一條歧路。我們無法完全肯定外在世界正如我們所觀察的那樣,如霍金的比喻:我們就像在圓形魚缸裡的金魚,透過玻璃看扭曲的世界,儘管推論通常來自經驗,但我們仍有機會計算出真實世界的模樣。 <br />
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然而若我們在究竟物理世界是不是真實世界這個問題上爭論,對於區分心物世界並沒有實質上的幫助,我們通常先假設:「物理世界就是真實世界。」而其間可能的差異,是物理學家在致力縮小的,儘管以物理來解讀這個世界仍有其不滿足之處,但讓我們姑且相信之,畢竟目前我們應該沒有更好的手段理解這個世界。 <br />
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心理世界 </h3>
心理世界意為我們所感知到的世界,這個世界是建構在我們的腦中,藉由我們所接受到的訊息來建立,其中包含了知覺甚至幻覺,而後經由認知處理,建構出一個我們所理解的世界,這稱之為心理世界。 <br />
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在我們心中所描繪出的那個世界,肯定不是我們一出生就存在我們腦海中的,我們藉由經驗與推理,累積記憶逐漸描繪出整體世界的樣貌。 <br />
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心理世界的概念類似於Kurt Lewin於1936年提出的「心理場」(心理空間,psychological field) (Lewin, Kurt, Heider, Fritz Trans, & Heider, Grace M. (1936). Principles of topological psychology.),認為人是一個場,心理活動是在心理場產生、行為也是由心理場所決定的,心理場由個體和與心理場互動的環境間的關係所構成。心理場的概念與心理世界有所差別:心理世界為整個心理內部感受的總稱,心理場則是強調建構、動力、心理過程與環境互動的一種場論。但Lewin對於心理場和物理場的區分近似心理世界與物理世界的差異。 <br />
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心物世界間的鴻溝 </h3>
我們藉由感官知覺這個世界,觸覺、嗅覺、聽覺、味覺、視覺,或許還有第六覺,而這些絕不是真實反應現實世界的。感官到認知之間的轉換是會扭曲甚至出錯的,錯視圖(視覺)、雞尾酒效應(聽覺)、幻肢現象(觸覺)、「入芝蘭之室,久而不會其香」(嗅覺)等現象可以證明心物世界間的鴻溝是存在的,我們必須同意心理世界絕不等於物理世界。 <br />
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鴻溝的由來 </h4>
會產生這樣的心物差距,並不完全是不恰當的,在演化上我們所遵從的規則並非單純最強大的經驗功能,而是以最少資源感知最多重要的事物。從感官上,輸入的訊息本身就是有限的,我們無法輸入所有可知的訊息,而其中可能輸入不重要的或遺漏重要的訊息,這是十分常見的鴻溝之由來:資訊不充足。 <br />
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感官將外在刺激(光子、聲波、壓力、化學分子)轉換為感覺神經的神經訊號,再進入腦區進行認知處理。在轉換的過程物理世界遭到扭曲,這是為感官失真。感官資訊進入認知系統中後會無意識的受到過濾與扭曲,其目的通常是自動忽略不重要的訊息或強調對求生有幫助的訊息,此為認知扭曲。 <br />
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無論以上狀況是否發生,錯誤推論都是極容易發生的,這來自於人的思考歷程涉及基模(schema)與簡則(heuristic),這樣的機制是為了節省大量資源、縮短思考過程,但也因此容易產生錯誤推論。 <br />
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以人的視覺為例說明:人只能觀察到四周的世界,視線無法觸及之處是完全無法觀察到的,此為資訊不充足;光線在進入視細胞後勢必有所損失、眼內有盲點、轉換到神經訊號需要經過編碼(coding),光線資訊由波長變為位元神經訊號,此為感官失真;視覺處理系統在接收到神經衝動後會優先對鮮豔的顏色做反應、優先注意到對生命及繁衍有所影響的事物,此為認知扭曲;無法藉由經驗直接觀察到的事物需要涉及推論,如思考人的起源時,我們傾向用「小孩來自父母」的基模,因此產生亞當與夏娃的傳說。 <br />
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然而,這些原因不易解釋個人差異,這是因為每人有其權重差異。每個人經由經驗建構出心理世界後,對於新事物的理解並不會完全客觀地納入心理世界內做調整,而是會再次受到扭曲,此為權重差異。例如某人經歷創傷,對於經歷相同事件所產生的代價格外重視。然此條件必須在不同心理世界(不同人)的比較下才會浮現。 <br />
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總的來說,鴻溝產生的原因有:資訊不充足、感官失真(無意識)、認知扭曲(無意識)、錯誤推論(意識)、權重差異(意識)。 <br />
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心物世界間的橋樑 </h3>
在了解了由來後,很容易發現這是道難以跨越的鴻溝,或是說根本就不可能可以跨越(我們永遠無法擺脫用感官知覺世界,而感官必定有其失真的風險),既然我們無法找到百分之百足以跨越鴻溝的標準,只好在有前提的情況下尋找兩世界間的橋樑。 <br />
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充分非必要條件:資訊充足且正確的推理(reasoning)。充分非必要意味著我們可能不需要滿足此條件,便可能恰巧得知物理世界的實況,而這也是我們平常所相信的;但只要滿足此條件,便絕對符合物理世界的描述。 <br />
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此條件同時意味著不能直接、完全採信感官經驗(perception),避免感官失真;需經過集中注意的思考,避免認知扭曲;不直接採信簡單推論(inference),避免根據基模或簡則所產生的舊有推理經驗。 <br />
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如何是資訊充足? </h4>
資訊如何才夠充足是個複雜的問題,我們不容易了解現有的資訊是否足夠,因為觀察者(我們)也完全不知道所需資訊是什麼,因此只能以「已得知所有所需的資訊」為資訊充足之定義。 <br />
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心物世界間的差異 </h3>
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道德 </h4>
道德在心物世界中分別對應到不同的判斷準則。心理性道德是心理世界所建構出的道德標準,我們通常由行為人的意圖(agency)與受害者的感覺(experience)來判別,Mind perception theory可以完整描述這樣的心理性道德,但卻會有文化與個人差異,因此絕非真實世界至高無上的道德標準。 <br />
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而真實世界的道德標準應該為生物性道德,也就是演化下所產生的「良心」。生物性道德指:「互利系統內的利益最大化」。而個體必須在個體利益最大化與族群利益最大化之間選擇平衡,也就是追求基因利益最大化的演化穩定策略。詳細情形請參考「如何才是合乎良心,不致陷於黑心?」一文。(未發表) <br />
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因果關係 </h4>
物理世界的因果關係由Causal process theory所建構,由物理法則所描述,大致上是定義能量傳遞為物理因果關係。而心理因果關係則是由因果認知(causal cognition)下的因果學習(causal learning)與因果推論(causal reasoning)所建構。詳情請參考「<a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/causal-cognitioncausal-process-theory.html" target="_blank">心物因果理論:整合Causal Cognition與Causal Process Theory的因果理論</a>」。 <br />
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理性與感性 </h4>
追求純粹的理性的好處是直接反應了物理世界可衡量的標準、追求純粹感性則是心理世界的滿足,這同時是理性與感性所象徵的兩個世界。詳情請參考「<a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/causal-cognitioncausal-process-theory.html" target="_blank">論理性與感性</a>」。<br />
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人與電腦 </h4>
人與電腦在處感知與處理歷程上十分相近,因此有所謂的「算機功能論」:人近似一台處理刺激的機器,除了結構(人是以碳氫氧為主所構成的電腦)與運作方式的不同外,最重要的便是電腦的認知處理是純粹運算,電腦完整接受所有輸入的訊息做徹底的運算,因此不會忽略或錯誤推論。 <br />
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人因為必須追求能量運用在求生上的最大化,因此成為高效率的能量運用機器,相反地,電腦是人所設計在能量充足的情況下的運算機器,因此在運算能力與能量利用效率上有所差異。人因此要放棄一些詳細或重複的運算過程,因此有簡則(heuristic)與基模(schema)。電腦是運算能力的最大化,人則是能量最小化與感知能力的最大化的平衡。 <br />
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語言與思考</h4>
人腦的意識思考是不完全反應真實世界的,這是純粹的心理狀態(意識流),但當我們用語言所描述意識時,多數時候可以幾乎準確的描述,但也時常容易遺漏意識訊息或受到語言所扭曲,這也是心物世界的鴻溝所產生的差異,但並非物理世界到心理世界所產生,而是由心理世界到物理世界所產生的,因此在這兩個世界的轉換都是相同可能被扭曲的。 <br />
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結果論與過程論 </h4>
在限定尺度下的結果論是接近但不等於物理世界的標準追求者,而過程論則變成是追求內在滿足的心理世界。例如考試時結果論者追求物理世界的分數標準,過程論者追求內在的求知慾的滿足。詳細情形請參考「<a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/03/blog-post_19.html" target="_blank">必敗的人生:過程論、結果論與人生意義</a>」番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-64061140311599230552014-03-19T01:51:00.000+08:002014-07-01T17:25:19.404+08:00必敗的人生:過程論、結果論與人生意義<h3>
前言與導讀 – 到底是過程重要還是結果重要 </h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
我們都說,時間會治療一切;<br />
卻殊不知,時間也侵蝕一切。<br />
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總是會毀壞的,物質,斷裂與腐壞;<br />
總是會逝去的,青春,悲歡與離合;<br />
總是會遺忘的,記憶,消磨與失序。<br />
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一場必敗的努力,是否留下一段無悔? </blockquote>
<a name='more'></a> 結果論者的立場認為結果是最重要的,我們可以根據結果的收益最大化做決策;過程論者認為結果並非重點,而在於過程內的學習與成長的收益。這兩種立場的差異導致了不同人生意義解讀,但不會改變任何事實。 <br />
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本篇共約五千字,內容並無任何不實,但因此非常悲觀,破壞了人生的意義與徹底解構不同立場的必敗性,最後提出的解決之道是我們現用的辦法,除了製造情緒與理解本質外沒有任何實質功用。 <br />
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大綱</h3>
<ul>
<li>前言與導讀 – 到底是過程重要還是結果重要 </li>
<li>過程論 </li>
<li>結果論 </li>
<li>結果論的必敗 – 以期望值決策註定要失敗 </li>
<li>過程論的必敗 – 決策困境與無意義的過程 </li>
<li>一場必敗的人生 – 不純粹的立場仍是失敗的妥協 </li>
<li>最後的辦法 – 一個意義最大化的選擇 </li>
<li>結語 – 演化機制怎麼說</li>
</ul>
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過程論 </h3>
我們做了任何一件事情,假如他沒有好的結果,過程論者會宣稱:心理世界的收益大於物理世界的收益,例如花了大量心力後考試考差了,物理世界上我們的投資時間遠遠不足得到的成績收穫,但心理世界的知識性成長、自我檢討的思考過程,甚至失敗所產生的挫折歷練,都可能是正向的,過程論者認為這些心理世界的收益大於物理世界,因此宣稱過程是比結果重要的。 <br />
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然而,過程論者的心理世界的收益是無法客觀衡量的,換句話說,我說我超爽,沒有人可以保證我其實沒那麼爽;我說我非常難過,其他人再怎麼能體會情境,也無法確定我難過的準確程度。因此,過程論對應到的是注重心理世界的價值評估,結果論則是對應到注重物理世界的價值計算。 <br />
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結果論</h3>
結果論者會因為考試考差後認為努力白費了,儘管其確實是學到了知識,但這並沒有影響到結果。結果論者宣稱過程是無謂的,因為凡事都會有結果,到結果再計算其價值才是正確的計算方式,一件事之中的過程成長在這件事內可能是沒有意義的,但學習所得可能在另一件事發揮效用,因此產生結果。舉例來說,本次小考考差了,結果論者可以宣稱留下的知識會在期末考被利用,因此說努力並沒有白費。 <br />
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但結果論最大的問題是,我們要如何衡量一件事情的開始與結束,並不是所有事件都有明確的起始點,甚至是重疊、永不結束的。而看待事物的尺度變成一個很重要的問題:如果我們只看一張考卷,那麼成績或許是一個十分重要的結果;但若我們看學期成績,一張考卷便只是個會影響結果的過程;看到人生,一個學期成績也只不過是一個小過程;跳脫個體看到整個人類族群,一個人的一生也只是族群演化下微不足道的一小步;再看到整個世界,所有事物都只是一個未知結果的過程。那麼我們到底該怎麼看?可以因為演化單位是基因,就以此為尺度嗎?還是因為意識是以個體為單位,而以此為尺度? <br />
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結果論的必敗 – 以期望值決策註定要失敗</h3>
就算我們可以在人生中的所有決策做出期望值最大的選擇,人依然會死,而這樣完全不利的結果,造成活著本身就是負期望值的事件。換句話說,在任何時刻的最佳決策,變成是消極態度的不做決策(不花費任何成本),或是乾脆去死。(去死是活著沒有意義的強烈說法,事實上要做的應該是不花任何代價的死亡而不是費力自殺) <br />
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追求結果的人生等同於追求失敗,這變成是無可避免的。那麼究竟該如何解決這件事?我們只能假裝人生追求的不是結果,而是過程,經過這樣的變換,人生變得有意義,過程中的成長、喜怒哀樂、心流及高峰經驗變得可貴,儘管仍然會死,但人便可以因此活的自在、因此能活的有理由。 <br />
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為什麼非要做出這個轉換不可?對於這個問題的答案,就是問題本身:我們非這麼做不可。否則根據推論過程,我們根本不該活。就算一個人宣稱其相信,但他若沒有根據結論從事行為(消極死亡),他本質上仍是不相信的。因此,結果論者整徹底失敗了,因為他們不會因此而死,過程論者得到了意義上的肯定,無論是出於無奈、妥協或本意,我們都只能成為過程論者。 <br />
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<h3>
過程論的必敗 – 決策困境與無意義的過程</h3>
因為當結果論者註定要是失敗的,我們不願為之,但過程論也不盡完美,一個徹底的過程論者,會落入一事無成的處境。當我們不追求任何實質上的結果時,或許會有意外的結果收穫,但卻比不上成本的損失。舉例來說,當一個徹底的過程論者讀書時,他會學習到大量的知識並得到滿足感,但他卻完全不應該去考期末考(假設期末考不發考卷,他無法檢討),因為期末考是無法得到心理世界的收益的,這個行為對於過程論者來說是毫無意義的(為何要有結果呢?我已經得到知識啦)。因此,過程論者在許多事物上也是註定要失敗的。 <br />
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現實世界中,過程是否真的有意義?結果受過程影響,過程與結果是因果關係,我們評價結果時,便包含進了過程,因此根本毋需再另外評價過程,一個造成失敗結果的過程也是同樣失敗的;一個造就成功的過程,肯定是成功的。很容易得到過程在現實世界沒有意義的結論。 <br />
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<h3>
一場必敗的人生 – 不純粹的立場仍是失敗的妥協 </h3>
既然結果論者會因為人生的結束、過程論者會因為決策的缺陷而必敗。難道我們選擇當個不純粹的結果與過程論者就解決了嗎?通常,我們每個人是部分的結果論者與部分的過程論者,我們都在意一些事物的結果,也在乎其過程,或許對於不同事物其分配的比例不盡相同,但沒有對任何事物持有純粹的立場。 <br />
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這樣調整過後的信念難道我們解決了必敗的結果?並沒有,我們調整了自己的立場,相當於兩隻腳各站在一個不穩固的基礎上,這時無論我們從哪個角度切入,我們仍然是必敗的。若是各一半的立場,我們看似可以宣稱追求人生的結果並稍微在意之,並且同時也看重人生的過程。但這時問題變成,就算只稍微在意人生的結果,仍會得到一個結果必敗的結論,這些人會轉而宣稱:過程也很重要,所以結果就算必敗仍要豐富其過程,這時我們的決策變成必須追求過程價值的最大化,這時便回到了過程論者的必敗:事實上過程在現實世界根本沒有意義、從事有結果的行為根本沒有價值。 <br />
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<h3>
最後的辦法 – 一個意義最大化的選擇 </h3>
有結果的行為在大尺度下的過程論觀點下,行為有了價值,且被視為是過程的價值,但任意決定我們的尺度是沒有意義的,這相當於是選擇一個「能得到最大意義的尺度來解釋人生」,這時我們所在做的,並不是決策或活著,而純粹是在選擇一個解釋。 <br />
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事實上,人生確實就是個賦予意義的人生,我們的所作所為,無論其意義價值多大,都是無謂的。因此我們唯一的辦法便是自行賦予其意義,當此事件在物理世界中的價值較大,我們就特別看重物理世界,如經濟收入:我們宣稱心靈疲憊與空虛換來的金錢是划算的;當一件事在心理世界收益較大時,我們便看重心理世界,如考差了的考卷:我們宣稱得到的知識才是重點,忽略實質上的低收益。我們為避免認知失調,在不同情境下給予不同立場不同程度上的分配,在百分之百的過程論到百分之百的結果論內嘗試找一個最令自己滿意的解釋觀點。當我們發現怎麼分配都是沒有意義的負價值時,就換個尺度來看待事物,例如人生:人生必死,因此必敗,所以我們將尺度轉換到整個人類族群,宣稱自己在努力對族群有貢獻,死了後可以留下一些價值。調整尺度幾乎解決了所有人生問題,這是一個解決的辦法,也是一個活著的理由,但根本上,我們仍是徒勞無功的。 <br />
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<h3>
結語 – 演化機制怎麼說</h3>
我們活著這件事的本質不需要意義,人類更不是演化機制下的一個渺小貢獻,純粹是自然現象。問題發生在我們產生了意識,因此思考自身的價值與意義,但又很難看清整件事,卻仍必須活著(不想活著的意識體會徹底被演化機制排除,演化之下根本不會有這種結果),因此我們會賦予各式各樣的意義來讓自己活著,或換句話說,若我們不這麼做,便只有一種下場:死亡並被演化機制淘汰。 <br />
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演化沒有過程與結果上的區分,因此我們也找不到一個好的尺度看待整個世界,但因為意識體是以個體為單位,我們許多時候可以擴大尺度到個體之上的族群並賦予其意義,這幾乎可以解決所有問題:我們假裝為了大家更好,因此活著。 <br />
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但事實上,無論怎麼看,都是沒有意義的,無論我們追求結果或過程、無論如何分配立場的比例,無論以什麼尺度觀察,演化機制徹底凌駕在我們之上,我們只能用賦予意義在演化機制下存在。 <br />
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<h3>
後記與感謝 </h3>
本篇前言的詩是在本篇論點出現後感慨而作的悲傷結晶。<br />
感謝許多曾與我討論到底過程重要還是結果重要的同學:陳孟凱、楊承昕、曾子恩、顧有方、吳信疆、陳奕凱、林曉鳶、空心菜,如有遺漏,煩請告知。 <br />
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<h3>
延伸閱讀 </h3>
到底是過程重要還是結果重要(20130101,當時我幾近純粹結果論者,但在評估時忽略了感情收益,給了同學看後得到回應,一併附上) <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
這來自於2013跨年完時,一群年輕人們提議騎腳踏車去宜蘭東北角看第一道曙光,我立馬否定,提出一個理由可能騎到一半就日出了根本看不到,馬上有人說那又怎樣,過程比較重要啊。 <br />
從線上遊戲說起好了,雖然我們打怪時「幾乎」都是打死一隻怪才會得到經驗值和寶物。但我必須承認,在現實生活中我們的經驗值是在過程中一點一滴累積的,當我們完成了一件事,得到的大多數是成就感,而我們時常追求的便是這道成就感。而為什麼會有過程比較重要的說法,根據我的推測,是因為我們從過程中學到大量的經驗,而這些經驗遠比成就感對未來有幫助,因此經歷過這些事情的人開始體會到經驗值重要多了,因此過程也比結果重要多了。 <br />
理論上是這樣沒錯,但是我們沒考慮進情況的複雜性,當我們說要從台北騎腳踏車到宜蘭,我們已經可以預測中間的過程,勢必是會又累又冷又飢又渴,而倘若失敗,得不到成就感反而可能換來大量的空虛,你可能會說,那又怎樣,失敗個一次會怎樣,跨年有那麼多,每年都有第一道曙光啊。那我會說,一次失敗不怎麼樣,但你去迎接你知道失敗率很高的一個過程,這真的是明智的嗎?如果你的人生快進播放,你做了一堆期望值很低的事,那累積起來,你的人生不就是個價值很低的人生嗎。 <br />
回過頭來,過程主要是獲得經驗,經驗對未來較有幫助,結果主要是獲得成就感,而成就感對當下和接下來的一段時間會較有幫助。所以在決策的過程中, 我們理當考慮進到底需要的是什麼。舉例來說,也許有人不會騎腳踏車,那這段過程對他來說再怎麼樣都可以練習騎到腳踏車,這樣經驗是的確有用的。但如果我已經很會騎腳踏車、我也已經有能力認路走到任何我想到的地方,我認為在這當中學不到什麼,這樣的經驗對我來說就是幾乎沒有幫助,也就是說這過程其實對於我的意義是不大的。 <br />
因此我認為結果「在這情況下」遠比過程重要。 <br />
當然,我並不否定在其他情況下很有可能經驗比較重要。像是我就很支持打工一個月後馬上換工作,因為一個月是經驗值變化率成長到最高點時,而也可以拿到一個月的薪水,成就感自然不在話下。這種情況的確是過程比結果重要,因為是為了經驗。 <br />
還有,雖然我認為在很多情況下都是結果比較重要,但我並不否定不顧一切、不想太多就去做的行為,也就是不分析利弊、不分析自己可以得到多少經驗多少成就感, 這叫做幼稚。而我完全不否定這樣的行為。畢竟很多時候我們無法預測過程中到底會不會得到經驗,如果發生了意外,很有可能因此得到更多經驗。這同時也是幼稚的重要性。 <br />
最後,我想提出一個問題,沒有針對性,只是我馬上想到這樣的情況:如果你在高中三年校排永遠是第一,各樣成績表現十分優異,但你卻只考上了一個沒聽過的鳥大學,你在心裡會真心覺得自己是成功的嗎?可能在其它熟識的朋友看來,你是很強大家都不會否認,但你自己,如果這真的發生,你真的會覺得你成功嗎? <br />
最最後,一開始打lol時,赫然發現sup可以不打怪在旁邊就吸到經驗,這讓我震驚了非常之久。 <br />
<br />
陳孟凱回復:宜蘭對我來說就只是給我們一個方向往前騎而已 有沒有看到曙光我不在意 早有預期去了也看不到東西 最後太陽升起騎到了哪裡就到哪裡 因為這不是一個人在做的事 路程中不可能就只是各騎各的 我想得到的就是在這途中跟身邊的人的交流相處 而且跟不同的人去也有不同的感覺 也許你會說那為什麼不從平常生活中得到這些就好 難得有個幾個人都有意願的事我覺得就是值得去做 中途折返了 空虛嗎? 一開始幾秒而已 騎回去的路程也同樣有互動 而且晚上騎車本來就有一定風險 回程並沒有什麼不好 除非眼中只有結果 身邊是誰做了什麼事都不在意 過程可能只是一塊空白 如果是這樣 不如就自己去就好 再說如果真的只是為了看曙光我就不會去了 就像如果只是看煙火我也不會去 本來鐘力洋有找我但我原本說要看書 如果只是看煙火我也看過好多年了 就是因為有他們這麼多人在我才決定要去 我想情形是類似的 </blockquote>
<br />
---20140701<br />
柯文哲2013Ted演講,裡面提到他所認為的人生意義。<br />
於16:35:「人生只是一個過程,一個追求意義之過程。」<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/N0zhdMwD2Z8?rel=0&start=995" width="560"></iframe>
番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-87974667944420113242014-03-12T20:36:00.000+08:002014-03-16T00:49:29.839+08:00談化妝之目的與倫理<h4>
化妝的最終目的 </h4>
化妝,是為了擁有一個美麗的容貌,但為何所有人的化妝方式與目的都是差不多的:粉底讓皮膚變白、口紅凸顯嘴唇、眼線使眼睛深邃、腮紅,若問的更徹底,為什麼人認為這些就是美麗?為什麼我們追求這些? <br />
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事實上,有一種人就是生來如此,這些人通常被稱為「天生麗質」。而那些化妝的人則是在製造「我也是天生麗質」的假象。而這些天生麗質的人並不少見,他們通常會在素顏時被誤認為有化妝,並且他們化妝後不容易比較好看。 <br />
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但為何會想要製造這種「我是天生麗質」的假象呢?這則是演化上擇偶條件的發展結果,美麗的異性象徵較強的生殖能力,並可能會生出較美的後代。「不只要漂亮,最好還是天生漂亮」,這是人會在無意識下所追求的伴侶條件。 <br />
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在化妝技術成熟後這樣的傾向受到了凸顯,這同時反映了生物學上的累贅原則(handicap principle):動物有時做出不利生存的行為,但卻能興旺,這種現象成為做廣告的方式在物種下循環出現,而這些廣告行為必包含重大成本。 <br />
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而要化妝到什麼程度呢?通常最容易得到多數人的喜愛的程度是「比天生麗質稍誇張一些」,因為多數人喜歡的是凸顯過後的天生麗質(以證明有之),這也是為什麼天生麗質的人不容易化妝的更好看,太過誇張的妝不會受到多數人的喜愛。 <br />
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<h4>
化妝的倫理 </h4>
倫理上,我們通常認為欺騙是不道德的。若我們為了一個人的好處欺騙他,這時欺騙並沒有不道德;但若我們欺騙他,是「以為」會為了他好,其實不然,這時欺騙依然沒有不道德。由此可見,欺騙是否道德,端視「意圖」是否道德。然而,無論其意圖如何,此行為都仍是欺騙,這是容易被忽略的。 <br />
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而化妝便是一種欺騙行為,但化妝是否不道德,則要視其意圖而定。假如化妝是為了大眾利益著想,則這時意圖是道德的,化妝行為也是道德的。但假如化妝是為了欺騙某人,以便得到某些東西,則這時意圖是不道德的,化妝行為也是不道德的。舉易容術為例,假如易容術沒有被不當運用,我們都不會認為他是不道德的,頂多認為他未說真話,然而若以易容術從事犯罪,這便肯定是不道德的。 <br />
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而現實情況,若一位女性化妝,是為了達到社會上的禮節(例如某些社會情境認為女性在工作場合化妝是種尊重),則這並不是個不道德的行為;但若一位女性化妝,是為了欺騙某人,以便得到金錢,則便是不道德的。 <br />
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<h4>
後記與感謝 </h4>
本篇篇幅較小,內容平易,但稍嫌不足,並可能造成不良觀感,在此致歉,感謝Jessica的評論與批評。感謝T.C長期灌輸我她是天生麗質而且沒有化妝的觀念。感謝子摁幫我審稿並給我熱烈批評。 <br />
<h4>
延伸閱讀 </h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" target="_blank">累贅原理</a></li>
<li><a href="http://pansci.tw/archives/45594" target="_blank">擇偶條件這檔事 </a></li>
<li><a href="http://pansci.tw/archives/16534" target="_blank">我們眼中的美女只是花瓶</a></li>
<li>Kurt Gray, Liane Young, and Adam Waytz, Mind Perception Is the Essence of Morality, Psychological Inquiry, 23: 101–124, 2012 </li>
</ul>
番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-73704860092460511142014-03-12T20:02:00.000+08:002014-03-13T02:14:10.179+08:00談信仰排他性、神導演化論與奧卡姆剃刀原理 神導演化論同時相容了演化論與神,其宣稱神創造了演化論,再以演化論解釋生命現象。但根據奧卡姆剃刀原理,如果對同一現象有兩種不同的假說,我們應該選擇較簡單的那個,因此應該放棄神的概念而取單純的演化論。 <br />
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而「神」這個概念究竟好不好,應不應該直接放棄它? <br />
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演化論的優勢在於其依然可以解釋神的概念(meme, schema),因此神會變成是一個多餘的概念。但神的概念並不是沒有用處,它的存在有安撫人心、給予悲觀的演化論一個賦予意義的解釋等功用。因此神的概念是有其價值的,奧卡姆剃刀的前提在於兩個理論其價值是相同的情況下,應放棄較複雜的那個,但神的概念是有其不可否認的價值的。 <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibSJVpGw3Y2FNKWG4lPmZsjeVZ1nTFBzl4XKN-Fu554nU1qJ3lGQU_SqZPclwN3LMbXnybiZxSyZYJsNiH1amBQA5bzRJWQ8IajPQW8e3yjRm7WKu3yFMmK0RVF_xfgmHntbH_69_O-OU/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-03-12+%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%888.02.59.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibSJVpGw3Y2FNKWG4lPmZsjeVZ1nTFBzl4XKN-Fu554nU1qJ3lGQU_SqZPclwN3LMbXnybiZxSyZYJsNiH1amBQA5bzRJWQ8IajPQW8e3yjRm7WKu3yFMmK0RVF_xfgmHntbH_69_O-OU/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-03-12+%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%888.02.59.jpg" height="152" width="400" /></a></div>
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然而神的概念終究只是神的概念,有神的概念的存在並不能驗證神的存在,而神的存有問題破壞了科學哲學的證偽要求,可否證性是科學理論的必要屬性, 若一個主張不容許邏輯上反例的存在,則它是不科學的。因此神是否存在是一個不可驗證的問題。 <br />
因為神的概念有其價值,結論是純粹的演化論與神導演化論是兼容的,其中的差別是是否賦予了生命的意義與價值。 <br />
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而一個人是否會接受神的概念,或是否擁有信仰,很大因素由其接觸「能解釋生活現象」的信念的時間順序決定。當一個信仰神的人以神的概念解釋了生命中的種種現象,他便相信了神存在,在這之後他接觸到演化論,同意演化論解釋了更細微的細節,便相信之,但認為演化論也是神所創造的。若一個人在接觸神的概念之前先接觸到演化論,他可以以演化論觀點先理解了生命現象,但接觸了神的概念後發現沒有必要(並沒有多解釋了什麼演化論未解釋的東西),因此他不會相信神的概念。<br />
<br />
這符合了模因(meme)傳遞和基因相同的排他性,以及基模(schema)的學習過程是順應(accommodation)與同化(assimilation)的。神的概念以meme的形式在文化間演化,並在腦中以schema的形式佔據,並排除演化論;演化論也是相同的,因此時間順序有極大的影響性(優先排他性)。但神的概念對未成年人相對演化論好理解,因此很容易讓年紀較小的幼童優先相信神的概念。因此家庭信仰是預測有無信仰的有效指標。<br />
<br />
<h4>
感謝</h4>
感謝劉時婷與我討論使我認識了新的宗教觀點並思考這個問題。 <br />
<br />
<h4>
延伸閱讀</h4>
<ul>
<li>Wikipedia - <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" target="_blank">神導演化論</a> </li>
<li>Wikipedia - <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" target="_blank">奧卡姆剃刀</a> </li>
<li>Wikipedia - <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA" target="_blank">可否證性</a> </li>
<li>Wikipedia - <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9B%A0#.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99" target="_blank">模因</a></li>
<li>Wikipedia - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_%28psychology%29" target="_blank">Schema</a> </li>
<li>Yahoo Voices - <a href="http://voices.yahoo.com/psychology-difference-between-accommodation-and-7759394.html?cat=25" target="_blank">The Difference Between Accommodation and Assimilation </a></li>
<li>博客來 - <a href="http://www.books.com.tw/products/0010434855" target="_blank">自私的基因</a> </li>
<li>博客來 - <a href="http://www.books.com.tw/products/0010571635" target="_blank">神的演化</a> </li>
<li>博客來 - <a href="http://www.books.com.tw/products/F011300147" target="_blank">The God Delusion </a></li>
</ul>
<br />
---20140313<br />
一個足以說明奧卡姆剃刀原理的例子(修改自空心菜):<br />
假設我今天要喝水,我可以取一個茶杯來達成這個目的,或者也可以取一個茶杯再取一個杯蓋,一樣可以喝水,但杯蓋這時是完全沒有作用的。演化論就是茶杯,而神這個概念是杯蓋,在唯一目的是解釋生命現象時,神的概念是如杯蓋沒有作用的,因此說他是可拋棄的。<br />
但杯蓋平時可能有保溫、遮蔽灰塵等其他作用,卻無法在喝水時發揮其功效,這也和神的概念相同,神的概念在日常生活中有穩定人心及給予心靈支柱等功效,不可否認其價值,只是在解釋生命現象時,不需要神的概念,但有神論者需要一個位置來「放置」神的概念,因此有神導演化論。<br />
<ul>
</ul>
番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-70342809510912806162014-03-09T16:16:00.000+08:002014-04-07T18:40:43.306+08:00論理性與感性 <h2>
問題與導讀</h2>
人究竟是不是理性的,理性好嗎?是否該追求理性?感性是理性之下的產物?為什麼每個人的定義都不同,誰的才是較好的定義?崇尚理性的人哪裡不好?感性會出錯,那其價值何在?為何哲學家休謨(Hume)視情感為構成完整人類本性的一部份,且勝於理性?從演化上來看,我們竟是感性的動物?感性會出錯,理性有缺陷,那麼我應該如何是好? <br />
<br />
<h2>
前言 </h2>
這篇共五千多字,主要是因為定義問題非常的複雜,但一理解它,便主要解決了整個問題。而整篇的重點在於理性與感性的擴大定義所產生的問題,人應該追求純粹的理性或感性則在第二部分與心物世界做連結。若沒有大量時間閱讀,建議優先參考定義部分與心物世界,結論非常精簡,亦可先讀,有不理解之處再回到本文。如果只是我感謝有提到而你根本沒興趣的人,歡迎直接跳到後記與感謝接受之。<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<h2>
大綱 </h2>
<ul>
<li>粗略定義 </li>
<li>意識</li>
<li>演化</li>
<li>定義 </li>
<ul>
<li>理性的擴大定義 </li>
<li>感性的擴大定義 </li>
<li>定義問題 </li>
</ul>
<li>心物世界 </li>
<ul>
<li>略提心物世界 </li>
<li>追求純粹理性 </li>
<li>追求純粹感性 </li>
<li>不純粹的我們 </li>
</ul>
<li>理性與感性的優劣 </li>
<ul>
<li>理性與感性的獨特價值 </li>
<li>感性的錯誤 </li>
<li>理性的缺陷 </li>
</ul>
<li>結論</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h2>
粗略定義</h2>
理性是邏輯判斷的能力;感性則是受情感驅使的驅力。當我們用邏輯判斷做出一個決策,我們便說那是理性決策;當我們受情感驅使做出行為,則是感性的決策;當兩者不分軒輊時,我們說是理性與感性在拉扯。這些定義非常不精確,並可能產生很多問題,而這些問題就是主要要釐清的目標。 <br />
<br />
<h2>
意識</h2>
理性的邏輯判斷勢必要在意識之下進行,但感性卻相反,感性受到情感驅力,可以在無意識的情況下驅使人行動,換句話說,那是潛意識的決策,但我們仍可以意識到此趨力的存在。舉例來說,當愛一個人時,會有無意識產生的趨力誘使人做出赴湯蹈火的行為,但我們很容易意識到這個影響行為的趨力,並可以用理智、邏輯思考判斷這樣的行為是否恰當。 <br />
<br />
<h2>
演化</h2>
生物無意識的決策都是利益最大化的最佳選擇,或說做演化穩定策略ESS(evolutionary stable strategy),例如狼群選擇群體行動並非是為了團結心或歸屬感,更不是因為邏輯推理後發現這是最好的選擇,而是「他們也不知道為什麼要這麼做」,我們通常承認這些行為模式是在他們的基因中被預設好的,他們沒有意識到行為的決策過程,而是受到天性驅使,並非理性或感性操控。 <br />
<br />
面對沒有意識的動物,我們不會說他是感性或理性的,那是因為這時區分感性與理性沒有意義,一個純粹受本能驅使的動物並無感性與理性之分,這不代表以意識來區分理性與感性不恰當,而是在無意識的動物之下這兩個詞彙是不適用的。 <br />
<br />
但當人或某些有意識的動物有能力理性思考時,理性便和感性有了區分。當一個人判斷他是否該離開部落單獨行動時,他可以以邏輯推理,思考離開與留下兩個決策的優劣,並計算期望值,最後得到一個最佳行為(真實的思考過程可能不會這麼複雜,但過程是類似的);或者,他也可以純粹因為歸屬感而留下,或因為受其他部落的異性吸引而離開。前者的判斷是理性決策,而後者是感性決策。 <br />
<br />
<h2>
定義</h2>
<h3>
理性的擴大定義</h3>
然而,我們會發現理性決策的過程中,似乎可以考量感性層面的因素。換句話說,在計算期望值時,衡量得到的報酬時似乎容許計算感情上的收益,這時理性的計算似乎就涵蓋了感性層面。例如上例中,離開部落的決策除了離開的代價外,仍可以計算了離開所能獲得的「感情收益」,也就是抱得美人的情感報酬。 <br />
<br />
這時我們通常認為人的「理性決策」並非「純粹的理性」。而這樣的由來是,許多時候我們會尋求最快、最有效率的決策過程,因為耗時或耗能過多的決策個體都會失去演化上的優勢,心理學上的兩個概念可以充分解釋這樣的簡化過程:簡則(heuristic)與基模(schema)。 <br />
<br />
因此,感性變成了一種決策過程的簡化工具,感性的存在使我們可以更快速、有效率的在某些情況下做出判斷。而理解了感性的本質後,便會發現這其實與簡則是相同的,因此可以推論感性是一種簡則。舉例來說,一個判斷婚姻是不是划算的行為的人,他會在判斷過程遇到許多瓶頸,他很難推估婚姻的收益,無論他的最終判斷是什麼,他勢必都會比純粹因為愛情而接受婚姻的人花上更多的判斷時間與心力,這足以證明感性是縮短理性決策過程的一個工具。 <br />
<br />
但這時若重新檢視理性的定義,便會發現定義上的不完整,為何邏輯判斷中可以計算進感性收益?若兩者獨立,理性判斷應該排除感性收益才對。換句話說,宣稱感性是理性下的簡則這種說法,是建立在「人是純粹理性」的前提之下,這種說法認為理性計算可以涵蓋感情上的收益與成本,且這是容許計算的,因此理性擴大定義的結果便涵蓋了感性。事實上,這便是有些人所接受的理性定義,因此他們較為崇尚理性,但以大眾的定義來說,理性這時的定義太廣,理所當然的包含進了感性,而我們不認為這是一個好定義,因為在這情況下感性與理性的區分變得沒有意義。 <br />
<br />
<h3>
感性的擴大定義</h3>
當我們回到動物性的本能,可以發現動物的一切行為都有其趨力,而這些趨力是無意識的,在人身上亦同,我們每天會多次感受到想進食、嗜睡的慾望,經驗感性趨力的同時,我們可以做出理性判斷來決定是否從事此行為。舉例來說,當我們想進食時,可以藉由理性思考增加體重的代價、金錢上的負擔與延後進食的成本。然而,這時的理性又與感性重疊了,從生活中常見的例子我們都可以發現,儘管我們再如何理性計算,都可能會涵蓋感性層面,且任何行為都可以說是受到感性的趨使。例如食慾驅使進食、求偶的慾望驅使打扮、增加擇偶條件或生存機率驅使念書,甚至,理性思考是由自我實現或無意識的制約所驅使的。這時,變成感性涵蓋了理性。 <br />
<br />
同樣的,當我們這時重新檢視感性的定義,便會發現這是擴大感性的定義之下必然的結果,感性是無意識的驅力,這些驅力決定了我們的行動,而無論這些行動有無受到理性檢視,他都是受感性驅使的。我們仍然不會認為這是一個好定義,因為在這定義之下理性也顯得沒有什麼價值。 <br />
<br />
事實上,根據感性的擴大定義,所有動物會變成都是感性的,但對無意識的動物來說,說他們是感性沒有意義。因為所有動物都是受本能驅使的,因此可以推論所有動物,包括人,都是感性的。同時,因為人是感性的,這很容易讓人得到這是為什麼人之所以為人,因為人可以主動壓抑本能的驅力而顯得特別,因為理性是可以壓抑感性的唯一選擇,也就是人的特別之處,有別於其他動物,我們多出了理性的選擇。 <br />
<br />
<h3>
定義問題</h3>
那麼,到底什麼才是我們心中真正對感性與理性的定義呢?我認為,沒有人知道。我們可以先假定有一個真實的理性與感性的定義,而我們的定義接近他,但略有差別,一些稍微把理性擴大定義的人,他會很容易發現理性的價值,並稍微崇尚理性;一些稍微把感性擴大定義的人,他會感知到感性的驅力之無可避免,並稍微崇尚感性。 <br />
<br />
而我們可以想像一條光譜,中間是理性與感性的標準定義,一端是純粹理性主義者,也就是理性的擴大定義的結果;另一端是純粹感性主義者,也就是感性的擴大定義的結果,而位在這整條光譜上的人數大致上成常態分布,因此純粹理性者同意純粹理性者的定義,但會與中間的一般人產生爭議。我們無法區分哪邊是好的、或應該修正到哪個位置。甚至,可能有些人同時處於兩個位置,在某些特定條件下他會在某些位置「浮現」。 <br />
<br />
然而,我們可以肯定多數人不是位於純粹理性或純粹感性的位置,因為這時感性和理性之中會有一個定義變得狹隘而失去意義,這對一般人來說是少了一個溝通的詞彙,並沒有實質上的意義。因此,我們可以大致上說,一般人接受整個「感性理性概念光譜」上的「一段定義」,但他們不注重細節,或未曾去思考它,因此沒有發現之內的矛盾。當我們強迫一個人做出他的定義時,他可能會偏向某一邊,但會發現這好像與他平常的定義又有些不同,因此這最終會變成一個定義問題。 <br />
<br />
<h2>
心物世界</h2>
<br />
<h3>
略提心物世界</h3>
在我們要判斷追求純粹的理性或感性之間,我要先對心物世界做個說明,而因為這是一個非常大的概念,我會在另一篇文章中詳細介紹,因此這邊只大略提及。 <br />
<br />
心物世界是物理世界與心理世界的總稱。心理世界意為我們所感知到的世界,這個世界是建構在我們的腦海中,藉由我們所接受到的訊息來建立,其中包含了知覺甚至幻覺,而後經由認知處理,建構出一個我們所理解的世界,這稱之為心理世界。 <br />
<br />
而物理世界則是藉由物理定律所建構出的世界,他忠實、客觀的描述了世界的模樣,並且不會因為觀察者的不同而改變,物理世界不存在價值判斷,所有事件都是中性、無善惡之分的。我們通常認為物理世界就是真實世界,但這點仍有待討論,不過以下會建立在物理世界就是真實世界的前提下做討論,詳細情形請看「<a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/04/blog-post.html" target="_blank">心物世界</a>」一文。 <br />
<br />
<h3>
追求純粹理性</h3>
我們通常承認物理世界就是真實世界,在這樣的前提下,我們要追求的可以是物理世界的標準,或心理世界的滿足。 <br />
<br />
而衡量物理世界的方法便是理性。舉例來說,若我們要做出一個經濟決策,我們必須做出利益最大化的考量,而非快樂最大化,儘管兩者決策都有其價值,但情感的最大化在現實世界是無法衡量的。為了追求可衡量的價值最大化,這時我們要以理性判斷來做決策,換句話說,這時我們可以拋棄一切感性價值,追求可衡量的價值的最大化。 <br />
<br />
舉例來說,我們要追求經濟上的利益最大化時,便可以放棄計算做投資時的「不理性成本」,如不快樂,也要放棄從事非利益最大化的其他行為的報酬,如跑去遊玩的快樂,而這時經過理性計算的任何決策,都會符合物理世界的利益最大化。 <br />
<br />
這樣的好處是,物理世界在每個人的認知中是極度接近的,當我們衡量的標準是相同時,絕不會產生標準不一的主觀性問題。並且這是許多人所追求的目標,在溝通上可以避免許多麻煩。例如當我們要衡量物理世界的成功時,我們可以換算所有資產,得到一個標準的數字,而沒有人會因為感知到的數字不同而產生不同的結論。然而問題是,容許別人計算不一定是絕對的好處,某些人不太在意他人的評價,而這時追求理性對他的好處變得很低;另外,當一個人所追求的標準是客觀、可計算的時,其他人可以輕易的得知他的行為模式,並可能有不良後果。 <br />
<br />
<h3>
追求純粹感性</h3>
若我們要追求心理世界的滿足,我們可以選擇如「快樂最大化」這樣的目標,在這樣的情況下,我們要做的便是從事「可以得到最多快樂」的行為。這時可以拋棄一切現實世界的所得,只顧追求自己認為可以得到快樂的事。 <br />
<br />
然這樣的問題是,在其他人的心理世界中,與自己所建構的未必相同,因此會產生差異。例如我們在估算心理世界的成功時,可以推估一個人所經歷的成就感、滿足感與名譽,但這些在他人心中是無法有相同感知的。一個出家的僧侶可能有極高的滿足感,但我們無法得知那有多少,甚至連估算都有困難。 <br />
<br />
同樣的,這也不是純粹的缺點,無法在他人的心理世界中有相同的估算並不意味著不好,不能被客觀計算不表示快樂沒有其價值,這同樣會因為每人所在意的權重比例而有差異。詳細的權重計算方式請參考<a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/02/v2.html" target="_blank">人生說明書</a>。 <br />
<br />
<h3>
不純粹的我們</h3>
但一般情況下,我們追求的是心物世界的同時滿足,但每人其分配比例不同。舉某些極端的人為例,某些人單純追求功名利祿,因此受人質疑其心靈生活是否滿足,但可能這完全不在他個人的衡量標準內。而某些人單純追求心靈生活的滿足,例如每日靜坐修行、開心過日子,這也會受人質疑其物質生活是否能被滿足。 <br />
<br />
因為一般人所追求的同時涵蓋了心物世界,這造就了一般人對理性與感性的追求是接近的,因此大多數人對感性與理性的定義也為在光譜的中段附近。所以我們通常都是不純粹的理性感性主義者,換句話說,我們通常都是由感性與理性交織而成。 <br />
<br />
<h2>
理性與感性的優劣</h2>
<h3>
理性與感性的獨特價值</h3>
某些人會發現,成就感最大化看似也可以用理性來衡量,他們宣稱我們可以理性計算從事行為所得到的成就感多寡,並計算其報酬。但事實上,當我們在估算情緒感覺的多寡時,用的就是感性,這是絕對無法避免的。問題是我們要形容、描述做出一個決策時的理由,我們只能通常選擇用理性知識去形容他。例如當被問到為何要減肥時,我們可以列舉減肥的好處,這是因為理性較接近物理世界的緣故,而物理世界是與人溝通的絕對標準。 <br />
<br />
然而,當我們被問到為何要喜歡一個人時,我們並不能列舉喜歡他的好處,因為喜歡是純粹的心理感受,就算列舉了喜歡的理由,也不是真實的表達心理世界,這是心物世界間一道不可跨越的鴻溝。 <br />
<br />
<h3>
感性的錯誤</h3>
在理性的擴大定義中,感性可以被視為一種簡則,而就我們所知,簡則是有效率的判斷依據,然其最大的缺點便是會出錯。儘管感性究竟是不是一種簡則屬於定義問題,但感性有時會錯誤是不會受到否認的。最常見的例子是失戀後的人輕生自殺,我們的通常同意這是不理性、負期望值的行為;或是因為對即將倒閉的公司有著極深的情感而貸款營運,最終導致不必要的大額負債等案例,這些都說明了感性是極有可能出錯的。 <br />
<br />
<h3>
理性的缺陷</h3>
理性的判斷條件是非常完整的,但也因此導致執行判斷上的困難。在現實情況我們通常無法有效列舉所有收益、成本與可執行的選擇,甚至難以判斷後果或報酬,就算可以,當牽涉到心理世界的量化時,便只能進行估算,而這些估算是極為容易出錯的。舉例來說,當我們衡量該不該追一個人時,我們可以假想愛一個人的程度,並估算愛的程度是否可以抵消追的成本,在其差距很大時或許可以得到一個肯定的結論,但在差距不明顯時這樣的估算只會讓人陷入資訊不完整的「無止盡估算」的悲劇中。 <br />
<br />
<h2>
結論</h2>
「理性與感性」是個定義問題,而它的概念集合是一條光譜,所有人在這之上的立場近似常態分布。而應該追求純粹的理性或感性則成為心物世界間的鴻溝所產生的問題,物理世界對應到純粹理性,心理世界對應到純粹感性。但一般人處在光譜的中間,因此同時追求心物世界的滿足及不純粹的感性與理性。 <br />
<br />
理性有其客觀性的優點,因此是可溝通的,同時是不易出錯、足夠完整的,但因此導致了效率不彰的缺點。感性有其決策效率高的優點,但相對的容易出錯且主觀不一致。 <br />
<br />
<h2>
後記與感謝</h2>
這篇想打非常久,但因為我一直以來崇尚理性,完全忽略了感性的價值,更沒有想到是定義問題,因此一直無法解決。在此特別感謝3月7日課堂上與我討論的同學:謝厚凡、沈柏郡、鄭澈,這是讓我論點完整建立的關鍵時期。另外有長期與我討論感性與理性的價值的人,在此一併感謝:F.C、T.C。同時感謝近期與我討論,引發我重新反思理性價值的人:顧有方、楊傑安。亦感謝連韻文教授 – 人類學習與認知課程中的討論主題:人腦與電腦何者較聰明?及《心與認知哲學》(彭孟堯,2011)內提到的涂林算機,誘發我產生感性是理性的簡則的想法。《自私的基因》(Dawkins,1995)提供我演化的觀點與ESS的概念。 <br />
<br />
論點應該都是獨創的,但仍不排除與他人重複的概念。定義問題的概念我一直不知道如何表達,直到近期受<a href="http://phiphicake.blogspot.tw/2011/03/blog-post_15.html" target="_blank">哲學哲學雞蛋糕 – 心理利己主義</a>所啟發。 <br />
<br />
<h2>
延伸閱讀</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://phiphicake.blogspot.tw/2011/03/blog-post_15.html" target="_blank">心理利己主義</a></li>
<li><a href="http://scitechvista.most.gov.tw/zh-tw/Articles/C/9/9/10/1/1769.htm" target="_blank">投票行為是不理性的嗎</a></li>
<li>我在2014/03/06於ceiba討論區對於人腦vs.電腦的問題所作出的回應(當時我仍極端崇尚理性):</li>
<ul>
<li> 首先我對於心物問題的立場是標準的唯物論及化約主義,但前提是科技的充分進展,在生物科技無法完全解釋腦神經科學時,我支持副現象論。 <br /> 根據我的立場,電腦絕對可以勝過人類,「絕對」。 <br />
當然,這是非常困難的,人腦的演化是經過長時間的適應過程,電腦的計算能力就算有了heuristic或schema仍難完全模仿,但假若量子電腦一被發
明,所有問題就解決了,電腦不需模仿人類的思考過程,不會產生bias,可以精準的計算每一步的期望值和所有可能性,這時是絕對可以勝過人類的。 <br /> 在這之外的問題,所有棋譜在有超級電腦的情況下絕對是可以完全計算出來的,然而人不是電腦,他無法一一對照棋譜並尋求最佳解,所以人還是會有下棋的樂趣,但會變成一個「背譜」居多的遊戲。 <br /> 而一些許多人可能產生的問題或疑慮: <br />1. 電腦無法理解人類情感:情感被廣義的理智包含在內。回應何文澤助教所提的問題,有情感並不會比較好。我們可以視情感為簡則的一種變形,因此會有錯誤決策的情形(隨便舉個例,失戀後去自殺)。 <br />2. 電腦無法解賽局:可以。我們都以為電腦是純理性的產物,而絕對無法產生人際間的信任,因此賽局會無法進入合作關係。事實上這是我們對賽局的常見錯誤觀念,現實世界的賽局非
單回合制的,電腦有許多策略可以選擇,而其中的最佳解:tit-for-tat strategy中就包含了合作關係,在此不贅述。 <br /> 再次強調我的立場: <br /> 電腦「絕對」可以贏過人類,前提是電腦的演算能力要夠強。無論是下棋,或做任何決策。 <br /> 「沒有任何」能力是不可能被電腦取代的。前提是科技的進展足夠。 <br /> 但我並沒有否定人腦的價值,這是在自然界中非常有效率的運算模式,電腦的徹底演算法是最強的,但並不是最節省資源的。我加了這句話應該比較容易讓人同意以上論點。歡迎找我討論或辯論。 <br />
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-25180364816357377032014-02-12T05:34:00.000+08:002015-02-05T20:50:05.189+08:00人生說明書 v2<style>@font-face {
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<br />
人生說明書<br />
人生Online Live<br />
單一伺服器 現實世界版<br />
全球7212617356人同時在線<br />
<br />
<h3>
導讀</h3>
如果你買了一台微波爐,可能自己摸一摸、轉一轉開關就懂了,因此你覺得不需要說明書。但如果哪天你把金屬鍋子也放進去微波,造成了爆炸,這可能產生兩種結果:<br />
<ol>
<li>你被炸死、燒死或是其他嚴重的後果。</li>
<li>逃過一劫。因此你才把說明書拿出來,發現它已經警告了容器不可使用金屬材質。</li>
</ol>
這就是現在的情況,你或許以為你了解人生,因此不需要說明書;或許你目前為止沒有發生過什麼意外,因此也沒有試著去了解它,但這不代表你永遠都不需要。家電用品的說明書可能被你丟在櫃子深處,當你產生疑問時,有許多方法可以找到說明;然而當你未來對自己的人生產生疑問時,你可以再來閱讀說明書,但無論如何都已經無法改變你曾做過的事情。<br />
※註:現今的微波爐會自動斷電,不必擔憂。<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><h3>
前言</h3>
人生說明書的目的就是說明什麼是人生。<br />
此文重點在於人生價值的公式化與解讀。若對於公式感到代數上的複雜,可以參考公式精簡後的版本或注釋3上色後的版本。閱讀討論部分或許會有助理解,若有任何疑問我十分樂意討論。<br />
文內有簡易的數學計算、稍嫌複雜的代數與文字說明,希望有興趣的人可以仔細思考公式所衍生的含意。<br />
由於數學式只能以截圖方式上傳,可能造成不便,歡迎下載PDF檔:<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/10678626/%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E%E6%9B%B8v2%20%E7%99%BC%E4%BD%88%E7%89%88.pdf">人生說明書v2 發佈版</a>(8.2MB)。 <br />
<br />
<h3>
人生簡介</h3>
這是一個殘酷的真實遊戲,在這遊戲中,輸了不一定是死了;死了也不一定輸了。每個玩家控制亦代表一個人,每個人擁有需要自行摸索的能力、長處與缺陷。<br />
這個遊戲可能是個陣營遊戲,也可能是個單挑遊戲,屬於即時策略遊戲,亦不排除格鬥場景。考驗的是駕駛者的智力、反應力、控制能力、自制力、靈敏度、策略設計、計算能力、學習能力、社交能力、性能力等全方位任何你想的到的能力。<br />
<br />
<h3>
人生目標</h3>
在遊戲的不同階段,每個人的目的也不同。大致上來說,玩家可以同時達成、訂立多個目標,而最基本的目標通常是安全存活。<br />
其他常見的目標如:安定生活、成家立業、生兒育女、家財萬貫、受人景仰等等。簡而言之,玩家可以自訂想要的目標,也能隨時改變。<br />
※註:雖基本目標通常是存活,但仍可以放棄此目標。<br />
<br />
<h3>
勝利方式</h3>
無法勝利。<br />
<br />
<h3>
初始配件</h3>
<ul>
<li>人體(可能有所缺陷)。</li>
<li>家庭(可能有所缺陷)及其附件如:家產、祖傳秘笈。</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
公平條件</h3>
無。<br />
在人生中,每人所擁有的條件都不完全相同。唯一相同的就是每天都是二十四小時,然而遺憾的是,每人的壽命仍然是不同的。<br />
<br />
<h3>
評估方式</h3>
在人生中,所有行動皆有其價值,有些是立即性的報酬,有些可能是持續性的投資。而所謂的行動,包含所有耗時行動(如動作、思考等)。只要是耗時行動,在人生中就是可評估、有其價值的(可為負)。<br />
<br />
<h4>
期望值決策模型</h4>
人在面臨選擇時大多依賴期望值作出選擇,而期望值則由作出選擇後可能發生的結果的代價乘上發生此結果之機率。<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXYE4eJP4PWeCgKhdQcnUNNr1Sj627OAFzHucatVxscuhP7sRmaGE7Izrc7lwJFh8yrGn5VNmQ7qHy1Xwnp9nkHJTdSF1bhTPFGrxgpRxVpx1KTYMpl8haYXZvsm2BxNJVFvDzMYF42a0/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.17.12.jpg"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXYE4eJP4PWeCgKhdQcnUNNr1Sj627OAFzHucatVxscuhP7sRmaGE7Izrc7lwJFh8yrGn5VNmQ7qHy1Xwnp9nkHJTdSF1bhTPFGrxgpRxVpx1KTYMpl8haYXZvsm2BxNJVFvDzMYF42a0/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.17.12.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
E(X):X行為之期望值。<br />
vi(O):產生i結果的價值。<br />
pi(O):產生i結果之機率。<br />
※註1:行為期望值與行為價值的不同之處為行為期望值只適用於行動前的評估,而行動後只需使用行為價值做計算。因此可能行為期望值極高,結果行為價值極低。<br />
※註2:有許多情況看似人會無法完全應用計算行為期望值做出選擇,但通常做出的選擇仍然會符合期望值模型(儘管自己根本不知道如何計算),這些狀況會在之後做討論。有某些情況會做出不符合期望值模型的選擇,這也會在之後做討論。<br />
<br />
<h3>
評價方式</h3>
<h4>
人生評價公式</h4>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp_v-cKQ60CxA7B8roiKYjItFOOsxUv6bg7pXaK5hYBnkJ4NJceTTEI14NPcQNv1CRNq7aUDhHIrXQXhv5f9dGi9j3PKsFZbAUgKr1WF15pwnStRN3EXHrgRsUCrwVAoSC_0cJQOTNG2c/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.17.52.jpg"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp_v-cKQ60CxA7B8roiKYjItFOOsxUv6bg7pXaK5hYBnkJ4NJceTTEI14NPcQNv1CRNq7aUDhHIrXQXhv5f9dGi9j3PKsFZbAUgKr1WF15pwnStRN3EXHrgRsUCrwVAoSC_0cJQOTNG2c/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.17.52.jpg" width="400" /> </a><br />
v(S: S):S的人生價值(S對S的評價)。<br />
T:S的壽命長度。<br />
v(S: S, t):S在t時對S的評價。<br />
w(t):t時的權重。<br />
v(S, x1, x2, ..., xn: S, t):在t時,S認為x1認為x2認為…認為xn對S的評價。<br />
w(S, x1, x2, ..., xn: S, t):在t時,S認為x1認為x2認為…認為xn對S的權重。<br />
N:所有評價者。<br />
<br />
<h3>
公式推導</h3>
很多人都曾對計算自己的價值感到困惑,到底誰能決定自己的價值呢?就算有一個至高無上的上帝在評價世人,我們又如何能得知他對自己的評價?<br />
事實上價值判斷只存在人們心中,因此每個人所認為的價值會有差異,換句話說,沒有評價者時價值就不存在,因此我們所說的價值都是「某人所認為的價值」,某人不必須為評價者或受評價者。而若我們現在要判斷受評價者S的價值,這個價值對於我們每個人來講都是不同的,且我們無法達到共識,除非改變標準,因此這是沒有意義的。但我們仍然想衡量自身的價值,這時我們想計算的是「自己所認為的價值」,而這是可以計算的。<br />
為了方便理解,先以事件為單位計算事件價值。對於某事件,S評價S的價值,表示為v(S: S),冒號可意為「對」,用以區隔評價者與受評價者(分別對應到冒號前與後)。<br />
而S的評價會受到他人的影響(S會在意他人對他的評價),並且對他人的在意程度成為權重以加權平均方式計算,權重表示為w,S對第i人的重要性權重表示為w(S: Si)。但因S無法得知他人對於他的真實評價[1],因此他人的評價實際上為S認為他人的評價,也就是「S認為第i人對S的評價」,以v(S, Si: S)表示,逗號意為「認為」(第i人以Si表示)。因此S評價S的價值應為:「S認為第1人對S的評價」乘以「S對第1人的權重」加上「S認為第2人對S的評價」乘以「S對第2人的權重」…以此類推,最後再除以權重的加總,以代數表示為<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPfwzqIP4DXmwL_kXoM_qqLgxGVHCuRWqcwaoh_LsCAdwZlKkBR7TQuFQjbuP8ILpAsz6PaHr3JX7cT6oM1ASUqSwzZT49-ZiAURPUM4UrGmSllnI0r4qo4ToQZwawUs8xsUUauBQ_oF4/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.19.19.jpg"><img border="0" height="56" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPfwzqIP4DXmwL_kXoM_qqLgxGVHCuRWqcwaoh_LsCAdwZlKkBR7TQuFQjbuP8ILpAsz6PaHr3JX7cT6oM1ASUqSwzZT49-ZiAURPUM4UrGmSllnI0r4qo4ToQZwawUs8xsUUauBQ_oF4/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.19.19.jpg" width="400" /> </a><br />
化簡後為<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiieScVZRcfdl0u-wG42mmHlkZvA6i15wvS1XRoWcAnbCGA3TK5eCqBUdKlViQH_WkYqJ-ltWjVGK6noYuX6tY0U7f9FqrUXdZl3JMxP2IQfBPknu3ELj0Brt3A16U-WO8CapebUWk72v0/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.20.10.jpg"><img border="0" height="86" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiieScVZRcfdl0u-wG42mmHlkZvA6i15wvS1XRoWcAnbCGA3TK5eCqBUdKlViQH_WkYqJ-ltWjVGK6noYuX6tY0U7f9FqrUXdZl3JMxP2IQfBPknu3ELj0Brt3A16U-WO8CapebUWk72v0/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.20.10.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
※註1:其中i=0時S0=S。特別的是此時v(S, S: S)意為「S認為S對S的評價」,不等於「S對S的評價」。因為「我認為我對自己的評價」不等於「我對自己的實際評價」,「我認為我對自己的評價」是「我認為的」,因為經過一層認知處理,儘管可能接近但不應混為一談。其他逗號前後Si相同的情況亦是如此,不可隨意省略。如v(S: S)≠v(S, S: S)≠v(S, S, S: S) …。<br />
※註2:而N可以大略理解為所有人,詳細待稍後說明。<br />
<br />
然而,「S認為S1對他的評價」並無法直接得知,同上情況,此數值的由來並不單純由S或S1決定,因此需要「S認為S1認為Si對S的評價」。舉例來說,「S1對我的評價」會受到「S1認為S2對我的評價」影響,因此「我認為S1對我的評價」會受到「我認為S1認為S2對我的評價」影響。以下有一個更實際的例子可以說明:假設我現在有一個仇敵,則「好友對我的評價」其實已經受到「好友認為仇敵對我的評價」的影響,但「我認為好友對我的評價」受到的不是「好友認為仇敵對我的評價」的影響,而必須在加上一層「我認為」。因為可能好友認為仇敵對我的評價是正的,但我卻以為好友認為仇敵對我的評價是負的,兩者不同。<br />
因此,公式內的任一v(S, Si: S)都必須再經過一層「我認為」的認知處理[2]。以S認為S2對S的評價為例(v(S, S2: S),上式的第二項):此值的計算實際為「S認為S2認為S3對S的評價」乘以「S認為S2對S3的權重」加上「S認為S2認為S4對S的評價」乘以「S認為S2對S4的權重」…以此類推,最後再除以權重的加總,以代數表示為<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmqeBJEBownG_5F43SzapoiSryFUqhAonRhs8o7Kljp4XI5C_O7PLH5ErvLjqE2JhIe5K3yUm89Xh9xttbpCx7sbcFBE0ga8kT0vUc4VzkLcXQpmklUx_pCD4h_i98CNQjJwcyRNgCUcg/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.20.46.jpg"><img border="0" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmqeBJEBownG_5F43SzapoiSryFUqhAonRhs8o7Kljp4XI5C_O7PLH5ErvLjqE2JhIe5K3yUm89Xh9xttbpCx7sbcFBE0ga8kT0vUc4VzkLcXQpmklUx_pCD4h_i98CNQjJwcyRNgCUcg/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.20.46.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
化簡後為<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Nj7mumF2Dk0_m29rC7xiGaG-SQzbG4fRKmWxEcQKGO5NOmDFcsa7Q7wl85nJ57hC3NGWF050rNXHL_BuG44fD0tQOVS8bpEc384IBaWQLwcQhKE6MRYu2vPBGG9tL_JsT1FM-DyWkRk/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.21.12.jpg"><img border="0" height="72" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Nj7mumF2Dk0_m29rC7xiGaG-SQzbG4fRKmWxEcQKGO5NOmDFcsa7Q7wl85nJ57hC3NGWF050rNXHL_BuG44fD0tQOVS8bpEc384IBaWQLwcQhKE6MRYu2vPBGG9tL_JsT1FM-DyWkRk/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.21.12.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
同理,上式的v(S, S2, S3: S),亦必須再加上一層「我認為」的認知處理,類推。故定義一新函數f表示此類推關係[3]:<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4QShm7P9JQTiZSVJVntbWiamy1whSsFQzKi_c_KnmLqkFZ8JSgOB5ARx0AgiPbRZqVIiMBAh5mfpUzdl7Ga4qOfGbK0_OhhEfUyIkw7ZeqzP3uPDsQgagKORMYy3c32D94hGDLiagvtw/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.21.36.jpg"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4QShm7P9JQTiZSVJVntbWiamy1whSsFQzKi_c_KnmLqkFZ8JSgOB5ARx0AgiPbRZqVIiMBAh5mfpUzdl7Ga4qOfGbK0_OhhEfUyIkw7ZeqzP3uPDsQgagKORMYy3c32D94hGDLiagvtw/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.21.36.jpg" width="400" /> </a><br />
然而當需要計算人生價值時,若以事件為單位區分會變得複雜且不準確(因為事件間可能重疊、無事件時無法計算價值)。因此實際的區分單位應為時間。<br />
現假設S壽命長度T,t=0表示S出生,t=T表示S死亡。在S死亡後的評價亦必須計算在內,因為死後他人的評價仍會受到重視(某些人希望名留青史,而有些人卻完全不在意死後的名聲),故t可以從0至無限大。現將T分割為m段,每段長T/m,第j段為t=jT/m。因此t從0, T/m, 2T/m, ..., jT/m, ..., (m-1)T/m, T, (m+1)T/m, ..., 至無限大。而每段時間皆有一個評價值v,故將變數t放入v函數中最後部分:v(S: S, t)表示t時S對S的評價;v(S, x1, x2, ..., xn: S)變為v(S, x1, x2, ..., xn: S, t),表示在t時,S認為x1認為x2認為…認為xn對S的評價。<br />
但每人對不同時段的重視程度亦有差別,例如某些人特別重視年輕生活,有些人特別在意退休後的生活,因此每段t亦有其權重w,以w(t)表示[4]。則人生價值即為v(S: S, t)與權重w(t)之加權平均,以v(S: S)示之,公式表示為<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoRFkfdE-AY_cwernZ1u7arrQGTM0MiR4kDjaVVu1JOfed3hAbjz44rge3vI7H6_hHo-c7a9-VyH-C2DVHI1DWcR2r2bofZPmaltkJLidOnetSLR3ueh1LR4KYKBFN_BuzqZUY3Dtjg-E/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.22.38.jpg"><img border="0" height="97" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoRFkfdE-AY_cwernZ1u7arrQGTM0MiR4kDjaVVu1JOfed3hAbjz44rge3vI7H6_hHo-c7a9-VyH-C2DVHI1DWcR2r2bofZPmaltkJLidOnetSLR3ueh1LR4KYKBFN_BuzqZUY3Dtjg-E/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.22.38.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
<br />
<h4>
公式精簡</h4>
依據此公式,計算是永無止盡的,但現實情況可以透過省略與估算得出明確的計算結果。我們通常:<br />
<ol>
<li>超過兩層以上的認知處理,採自動化思考或忽略不計。</li>
<li>將所有重要他人以外的人之評價整合估算為一個值或忽略。(或直接以所有他人為一般標準估算重要他人之評價)</li>
<li>對他人分組後計算。(通常評價高者我們會一併給予較高的權重)</li>
<li>時間只概略切成幾段。(包括死後)</li>
</ol>
經過1、2(忽略重要他人以外的人)、3(將所有重要他人分為3組)、4(時間切成3段)的精簡後,公式會變成較易計算的形式<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5h49_3UWuprMaemN0vhXX8zKi8uviy0GY5EZS0txrHZ2m8OSkRS-Fb7ZZJqD6s9ohSFCqeSivGNOpJoHJWaKqJzz4RPt0hwo7GLq6svFfBwTfDmsMzWCctUgYwLkLnzvpr3KSy208aY/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.23.05.jpg"><img border="0" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5h49_3UWuprMaemN0vhXX8zKi8uviy0GY5EZS0txrHZ2m8OSkRS-Fb7ZZJqD6s9ohSFCqeSivGNOpJoHJWaKqJzz4RPt0hwo7GLq6svFfBwTfDmsMzWCctUgYwLkLnzvpr3KSy208aY/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.23.05.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
<br />
<h4>
舉例說明</h4>
S將人生分成三段計算:青年、壯年、老年,其中他特別在意壯年時期在他整體人生中的重要性,其次是老年,因此他的時間權重分別1,1.5,1.2。而在這三段時期內,他本人對於他的評價分別是100,150,80,他本人對他的權重為1。他的伴侶對他的評價分別是120,130,80,伴侶對他的權重為1.2。他的家人對他的評價分別是100,200,80,家人對他的權重為0.9,忽略剩餘的其他人,假設他的壽命為99歲並忽略死後評價。<br />
表格整理如下:<br />
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">m=3</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">青年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">(t=33)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">壯年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">(t=66)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">老年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">(t=99)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">N=3</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">權重 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">w(33)=1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">w(66)=1.5</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">w(99)=1.2</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">本人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">w(S:
S)=1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">100</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">150</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">80</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">伴侶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">w(S:
S<sub>1</sub>)=1.2</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">120</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">130</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">80</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">家人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">w(S:
S<sub>2</sub>)=0.9</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">100</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">200</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math";">80</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
人生價值計算:<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi__LWMt3gftoLV7XuHHC8VNweS__7JbKJChM3QanGQ31x2CoklASwQt1l8KtfW2BYlQabumR84m8DLw8hIOWdyG444Gweftqk04v2QfzNrw-69KRs1hpUIHKDqbTuQVcOxIwfCslYKEx8/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.23.40.jpg"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi__LWMt3gftoLV7XuHHC8VNweS__7JbKJChM3QanGQ31x2CoklASwQt1l8KtfW2BYlQabumR84m8DLw8hIOWdyG444Gweftqk04v2QfzNrw-69KRs1hpUIHKDqbTuQVcOxIwfCslYKEx8/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.23.40.jpg" width="400" /> </a><br />
故假如此人的評分標準足夠客觀,且以所有人為平均值為100,則此人人生價值高於100,我們通常便說此人擁有成功的人生。<br />
在此例計算中,S完全忽略超過兩層以上的認知處理、忽略所有重要他人(本人、伴侶、家人)以外之評價,且將家人分組為一單位計算、只切割人生為三段,忽略死後評價。<br />
※註:我們通常定義成功的人生人生價值高於平均值。然而這樣的觀點仍因人而異,因此這是個無法勝利的遊戲。有可能所有人都認為他是個失敗的人生,只有他自己評價為成功,但事實無法論定。<br />
<br />
<h3>
公式討論</h3>
從公式中可以發現許多他人已經發現的事實。例如每個人都有權力選擇自己的人生目標,但必須對自己負責:自己的人生目標就是自己加權特別高的部份,例如某人的目標是成為首富,這意味著他在評價自己的價值時認為他自己會因為他是首富而提昇價值,或認為他人在評價他時也會因此提昇價值。<br />
每個人在意不同的人生階段,不要讓未來的自己後悔:若我們現在給予老年時的自己極高的權重,追求退休生活的滿足而忽略了現在的快樂,則當我們老後,若權重不變則沒有問題,但若改變便會感到後悔。<br />
貫徹目標,始終如一:若權重在中途改變,不但意味著之前的行動可能皆是白費,還可能出現反效果。例如若某人目標原為成為首富,而不顧成家立業,可能在改變目標後已來不及。<br />
人生價值的衡量,看似是由大家決定,但因為我們無法了解他人的實際評價,所以實際還是「我認為」的評價,這解釋了為何自我感覺良好的人可以過的很好,他們的生活可能沒有較好的品質,但通常自我滿足。<br />
自己越在意的人表示給他的權重愈高,而我們常做的也時常時增加自己在意的人對自己的評價。然而我們可以改變的不只是評價,還有權重,人常會在無意間給予給自己較高評價者較高的權重,這只是為了提高自身價值而已。<br />
雖以上皆只討論人的評價,但事實上我們可能會假想一個評價者來評價自己,目的可能是為了滿足自己的需要或得到平衡。例如有許多人會因為寵物對自己的喜愛而提昇自我價值,受他人的寵物所排斥時也可能會有微小的不適感。更常見的是,有許多人會訂定一個至高無上的評價者:「神」,或無論什麼名稱。他們通常會假想此評價者是完全客觀公正的,並以行為符合此評價者之喜好為宗旨,然而此評價者的評價是無法得知的(不論此評價者是否存在),這些評價仍然是「我認為」祂對我的評價。因此公式內的N不一定是所有人類,而是所有評價者。<br />
<br />
<h3>
其他</h3>
<h4>
第二版本修訂</h4>
第一版時未發現多層認知處理的部份,雖不影響整體概念,但卻無意間省了很多麻煩。主要在新增此部份的公式推導,並作其他細微的修改,標題上的改動是避免過度強調「人生是個遊戲」而產生玩世不恭的不良觀感。<br />
※註:人生不會改版,但說明書可以,請勿產生疑慮。<br />
<h4>
期望值模型的補充說明</h4>
有些人會對期望值決策模型感到疑惑,在常見的期望值決策模型中除了少提及期望值所需計算的完整項目外,並沒有提到目標加權的概念,因此在此補充。<br />
人的決策通常採自動化思考,但仍符合期望值計算,前提是期望值計算進的面向必須足夠廣。例如牽涉到道德議題時,我們認知上的計算常會忽略違反道德所受到的輿論,但自動化思考不會忽略,因此這常是我們不違反道德的原因之一。<br />
同樣道理,自動化思考在衡量行動所得結果時,並不只考慮結果的單一面向。但在認知處理中,若我們忽略了其他面向計算期望值便會產生為何要做出此選擇困惑。而這些其他面向便是包含了未來收益的加權、與人生價值的達成。<br />
舉例來說,大學蹺課有時是明智的選擇,我們可以將相同的上課時間分配到更有效率的讀書自習上。但若我們單純以此為判斷該不該蹺課的標準,很容易得到所有課都該蹺課的結論(對某些自習較有效率的人來說),但我們通常不會這麼做,這便是因為忽略了其他面向。我們的自動化思考認為到課堂上上課會得到其他自習無法得到的收益,例如教授的人生經驗、與同學們的人際互動,同時兼得可以自習而得的知識。在這種條件下,若我們計算期望值會發現,相同的時間很難有更好的選擇同時得到這三個收益的最大化,因此到課堂上課確實是明智的選擇。<br />
但假如一個人的人生目標單純是為了追求知識的最大化,換句話說,他對於獲得知識的價值的權重特別高,而人際關係等價值則看的比較低,則他所該做的可能就是蹺課去自習(正如期末考前為何我們有時選擇蹺課)。但若我們目標不明確、不了解自己加權較高的項目,便可能一味的從眾,而做出期望值較低、不明智的決策。(這十分常見)<br />
例如一個目標其實是追求知識最大化的人,他因為不清楚自己的加權在這個部分,而跟隨大家的選擇參與社交活動、上課(追求目標兼得之下的最大化),這便是不明智的。我們可以發現或許自己身邊就有這種人,也有知道自己的加權項目而選擇較少出席社交活動者。若某人的目標明確且面向單一,便可能顯得易於常人,但這通常對於他們會是正確的決策。<br />
<h4>
人生價值與生命價值</h4>
本文所討論的是人生價值而非生命價值,避免混淆引發爭議故在此說明。<br />
生命價值通常意指生命的神聖性,其「生命」通常泛指所有生物而非專只人,「人生」則只專指人的生命。生命價值的討論屬於哲學與宗教的問題,某些人支持生命的神聖性,而某些人認為生命的價值是可衡量的,這些皆不在本文的討論範圍內。人生價值主要關注人的價值判斷與人的生命內的行為所產生的影響,不討論人生的產生與延續及其本質。<br />
<h3>
註釋</h3>
[1]就算親自詢問,也只能讓估算更精準,換句話說,修正的仍是S認為他人對S的評價。且詢問並無法得到相同標準的量化數字。<br />
[2]在我們的腦中不一定會真的做處理,但因為會受到影響,故必須在公式內呈現。<br />
[3]完整公式以顏色區分後的版本:<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9kYwZIjq5OU83wmN5RFIV3qkabdALIv9NnrzUUxdUxCSigv90qReXu5_o9ikoBavOanpizcOEbz1O6AYGubjDFG8ktJ3ZCcsyX23D_xftkcC3365jxYtqc-pQFV2FHx1uzxBNRMmsC6k/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.24.26.jpg"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9kYwZIjq5OU83wmN5RFIV3qkabdALIv9NnrzUUxdUxCSigv90qReXu5_o9ikoBavOanpizcOEbz1O6AYGubjDFG8ktJ3ZCcsyX23D_xftkcC3365jxYtqc-pQFV2FHx1uzxBNRMmsC6k/s1600/%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95%E5%BF%AB%E7%85%A7+2014-02-12+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%885.24.26.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
[4]為何此時不需計算對他人的權重:因為他人的權重已包含在不同時段內的v的計算,得到任一時刻t的價值後才進行對於時間的加權平均計算。<br />
<h3>
補充分享</h3>
<br />
<a href="http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/830717/post/1306824262">[轉載] 分享台大普心林以正老師的一番話</a><br />
同學啊,<br />
你們這代會享有比我們更多的快樂,以及更多的痛苦,<br />
你們的內心是很雜亂且無序的,你們需要更多的時間來沈澱,<br />
實現你們心中理想的自我。<br />
體驗人生沒什麼不好,可是,可是,你們要小心啊<br />
不要最後被各種外界的體驗,把你們的內心扯的分崩離析。<br />
不要把你的迷惘或解脫,寄託在一個你夢想的很大的快樂體驗上,<br />
不要以為你達到了什麼,或做了什麼,你的人生就可以就此解脫,<br />
人生的快樂是一陣一陣的小快樂所堆疊起來的。<br />
大喜之後,必然接著大悲。<br />
然後,你會再去追求更大的刺激或體驗,<br />
就這樣,你也漸漸迷失了自我。<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAIpRRZvnJg">影片:Instruction Manual for Life</a>(8:00) <img height="323" src="https://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" width="400" /> <br />
<a href="http://www.jb51.net/article/17269.htm">人生價值的計算公式</a><br />
此文的結論為心態(attitude)是使人生圓滿的方法,僅供參考。<br />
如果令A、B、C、D……X、Y、Z这26个英文字母,分别等于百分之1、2、3、4……24、25、26这26个数值,那么我们就能得出如下有趣的结论:<br />
努力工作:H+A+R+D+W+O+R+K=8+1+18+4+23+15+18+11=98%<br />
知识:K+N+O+W+L+E+D+G+E=11+14+15+23+12+5+4+7+5=96%<br />
爱情:L+O+V+E=12+5+22+5=54%<br />
好运:L+U+C+K=12+21+3+11=47%<br />
这些我们通常非常看重的东西都不是最完满的,虽然它们非常重要。那么,究竟什么能使得生活变得圆满?<br />
是金钱吗? M+O+N+E+Y=13+15+14+5+25=72%<br />
是领导力吗?L+E+A+D+E+R+S+H+I+P=12+5+1+4+5+18+19+9+16=89%<br />
是性吗? S+E+X=19+24+5=48%<br />
那么,什么能使生活变成100%得圆满呢?<br />
心态!A+T+T+I+T+U+D+E=1+20+20+9+20+21+4+5=100%<br />
正是我们对待工作、生活得态度能够使我们的生活达到100%的圆满。<br />
<br />
---20140423<br />
於網路上看到的公式:<br />
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此公式意涵人生是從出生到死亡每瞬間之快樂程度之加總。而在此文中的公式可視為修正了結算點:不只到死亡為止、及物理世界的計算:不只包含快樂,還包含了外在評價,再加入了認知處理:以為他人所認為的評價。<br />
<br />
<h3>
後記</h3>
討論部分個人不甚滿意,應該會持續補充,希望大家可以自行由公式中領會,也歡迎提出一些名言佳句呼應公式。<br />
本來是希望公式可以以一個漂亮的積分呈現,但發現只有概念類似,計算過程不太一樣,有些可惜,但不排除有其他的呈現方式。<br />
個人認為如果此公式可以解釋任何人的人生觀,那這便是足以成為標準的,而缺點大概只有稍嫌複雜吧,目前還沒有發現無法解釋的例外,也歡迎提出討論。<br />
主要遇到的困難有代數上的問題,尋找易懂的函數表示方式花了一段時間嘗試。而多層認知處理在同一人身上的情況會變得很難理解,第一版至今的大部分時間主要花在這邊。筆記用了15張A4,也算是構想遠容易於理解的主題吧。<br />
世界人口資料來自<a href="http://www.worldometers.info/tw/">Worldmeters</a>。<br />
感謝 小甜甜的參與討論,激發出積分的概念。<br />
導讀的微波爐一例引用自:<a href="http://www.louisewei.com/archives/21">090512 人生使用說明書 Life User’s Manual</a>。</div>
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<h3>
</h3>
首先,我們判斷「好」或「不好」屬於價值判斷,也就是說,在現實世界沒有「本來就」哪個好,而是「我們認為」哪個好。也因為這樣,這會出現個人差異,因為既然價值判斷是出自內心認知,每個人必有其不同之處。<br />
而我是男的,雖已盡力保持客觀,但無法保證整篇不含主觀成分,若有人對內容感到性別歧視,則我會說是這個社會本身就性別歧視,這件事是好是壞,也是價值判斷。<br />
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<a name='more'></a><br />
<h3>
社會化</h3>
在大量的意見整理後,我將多數人對於此問題的的判斷條件整理如下(男女一併討論),下輩子當男性(不當女性)的:<br />
<ul>
<li>優點</li>
<ul>
<li>生理差異:力氣、身高。</li>
<li>方便或自由:沒有月經、不用被壓、可以裸上身、可以站著尿尿。</li>
</ul>
<li>缺點</li>
<ul>
<li>社會責任或壓力:當兵、扶養家庭、感情流露受限制(不可撒嬌、有淚不輕彈)。</li>
</ul>
</ul>
而另外有許多是男女類似的觀點,避免討論不完整補充如下:<br />
<ul>
<li>男性的肌肉需要扎實的練;女性的化妝也需要練。</li>
<li>女性可以在公眾場合手牽手;男性可以勾肩搭背。</li>
<li>男女都需要擔心身材。</li>
</ul>
從以上觀點,看似當男性的優點比較多,然而若對照比較會發現,這兩個優缺點的內容根本完全互相解釋。<br />
生理差異是天生、無法改變的,這樣的生理差異在經過社會化後產生的便是缺點:社會責任。其中的因果關係雖無法證明,但我們應該普遍同意社會賦予男性更多的責任與壓力是因為「他們應該」。換句話說,男性不是因為天生需要當兵,因此力氣較大;而是天生力氣較大,社會因此規定男性當兵。<br />
而方便及自由同樣也是社會責任的反面,其中雖有些是生理差異,但在價值判斷內會被歸類到此類中者一併放入討論。<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">註:很容易發現,很多方便或自由內的敘述事實上是生理差異所造成的,我不確定這樣的分類是否適當,但不影響結論。</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
演化</h3>
若我們從生物演化的觀點看待這件事,我們也只能得到一個結論:<b>男女本身並無優劣之分</b>。<br />
這是當然的,在物種的繁衍上兩性或許負責的是不同的事務,但其重要性肯定是一樣的。我們可以藉由男女比例極度接近來印證這件事,但細微的差別則需要其他解釋,在此不討論。<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
價值判斷</h3>
然而,以上並無法解釋為何在價值判斷上會產生個人差異(為何還是有許多人持堅決立場認為當某性別較好)。我認為有兩個主要原因:<br />
<ul>
<li>資訊不足或錯誤判斷</li>
<li>權重差異。</li>
</ul>
資訊不足所包含的情況包括:男性不了解女性經痛的痛苦;女性不了解男性社會責任的壓力等。錯誤判斷可能是因為誤把優點或中性條件當做缺點,或反之,如:有人認為女性不能風流為缺點,此人可能是男性,卻錯誤判斷女性不能風流。<br />
權重差異可能是個人差異最主要產生的由來,例如有些男性「特別不希望」承受社會壓力,因此此缺點對於他的影響極大,造成他認為當女性較好。或某人可能是女性,「特別渴望」風流但受到社會壓力而無法實現,因此想成為男性。<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">註:這兩個原因在其他文章內多次被我提及,我尚未明確肯定原因,有興趣者請參考<a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/02/v2.html" target="_blank">人生說明書</a>、<a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/causal-cognitioncausal-process-theory.html" target="_blank">心物因果理論</a>、<a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/02/blog-post.html" target="_blank">論希望</a>。</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
結論</h3>
當男或當女根本沒有哪個比較好,如果你覺得有另一個比較好,則你不是資訊不足或錯誤判斷,就是你的權重有與他人有差異。<br />
然而這很正常,資訊不足是無法避免的,因此有許多男人想當女人,許多女人想當男人。 <br />
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</h3>
<h3>
參考資料:</h3>
<ul>
<li>巴哈Talk版:<a href="http://hitlerx.pixnet.net/blog/post/1614534-%5Btalk%5D%E4%B8%8B%E8%BC%A9%E5%AD%90%E7%95%B6%E7%94%B7%E7%94%9F%E9%82%84%E6%98%AF%E5%A5%B3%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%9F" target="_blank">[Talk]下輩子當男生還是女生?</a> </li>
<li>Facebook粉絲專頁:<a href="https://www.facebook.com/ClassicQuotations/posts/578907752159206" target="_blank">經典語錄-會有女生想要下輩子當男生好好去疼愛女生嗎?</a> </li>
<li>IX PK:<a href="http://pk.ixpanel.com/pk.php?id=114" target="_blank">下輩子你想當男生 or 女生???</a> </li>
<li>批踢踢WomenTalk版:<a href="http://www.ptt.cc/bbs/WomenTalk/M.1371924749.A.A1C.html" target="_blank">[問題]下輩子想當男生還是女生?</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
後記</h3>
內容可能稍嫌有遺漏,歡迎大家補充,尤其是優缺點部分。<br />
雖我盡量排除掉價值判斷,但優缺點的分類仍然屬之,這部份有可能受到質疑。我認為這是此主題無法避免的,而我採用的優缺點則是以非常主流的觀點,也就是多數人同意其為優點或缺點的才採用之,應該可以避免此問題。若有質疑,歡迎提出。<br />
<br />
<br />
---20140223<br />
根據《自私的基因》補充為何男女比例相等,印證演化上的雌雄並無優劣之別。<br />
個體看起來無法隨意選擇小孩的性別,但基因可以。若精子希望他擁有較多的男孩,它可以多生產Y精子,若母親希望只生女兒,它可以分泌某種選擇性的殺精液。<br />
族群選擇論無法解釋為何海象社會中所觀察到的交配現象中只有4%的男性,但為何有過多的男性在族群中浪費資源。假設在海象社會中,只生女兒的突變基因產生了。一開始雄性比例不會減少,所以雌性不會有找不到配偶的煩惱,所以此基因可以散布開來,而造成性別比例不均,但這時那些擁有少數兒子的雙親們便擁有了極大的好處,所以生兒子的基因便會開始散布開來。事實上,生等量的兒子與女兒個演化穩定的策略,任何違背它的必會遭到損失。番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-7421910750252919642014-02-06T06:35:00.000+08:002014-07-05T22:38:32.909+08:00幽默概論<style>@font-face {
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">導讀</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">為何女性的擇偶條件中,通常都會有幽默此一條件?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">如果你是女性,你是否好奇男性的幽默為什麼會有吸引力?幽默本質上的由來?如何才是幽默?為什麼女性常自稱笑點很低?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">如果你是男性,你是否好奇為何逗女性笑在男女互動間顯得如此重要?或為何自己會不自主的在女性朋友面前搞笑?或是否羨慕那些富有幽默感、能吸引異性的同性朋友?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">大綱</span></h3>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">定義</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">本質與動機</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">行為</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">生理基礎</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">演化意義</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">父系霸權</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">統計數據</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">參考資料與文獻</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">後記</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">定義</span>
<style>@font-face {
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</h3>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">幽默來自英文「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">humour</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">」,根據《大英百科全書》的定義,「幽默是一種可以刺激發笑以及產生娛樂的傳播方式。」《牛津英語辭典》則將幽默定義為</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">「一種娛樂他人、使他人感到滑稽的能力。」由此可見幽默是一種能夠引發笑聲以及充滿娛樂效果的特質,並且幽默須經由傳播方能產生效果。幽默也被視為</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">一種內化並且再定義社會真實的認知過程,這個過程帶來愉悅的感覺,並且會使人們發出笑聲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Apte, 1985)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">而幽默感是一多向度的人格特質</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Hallett & Derks, 1998)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">本質與動機</span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">優越論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Superiority
Theory) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">優越論主張笑源自一種優越感,這種優越感來自藉由他人曝露出的弱點突顯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">自身的優秀,人們發笑是因為覺察到一股榮譽感油然而生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Critchley, 2002)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">優越論的哲學立論主要從柏拉圖、亞里斯多德、霍布斯而來,優越論強調的幽默面向是帶有規訓意味的,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Billig(2005)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">認為霍布斯根本就把揶揄當作幽默的核心,而揶揄是自私的,因為這種自私來自揶揄他人的缺陷短處,即使人們自我譏諷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(self-mockery)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,其本質依然與嘲笑他人一模一樣,因為人們拿現況與以前的自己做比較,進而產生優越感。因此,優越論的幽默對於那些被揶揄的人而言,並不是一種令人愉快的幽默形式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Meyer, 2000)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">不和諧論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Incongruity
Theory) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">不和諧論又翻成不一致論或怪誕論。此派的基本論點是,幽默是突如其來地結合兩種看似天差地遠、毫不相干的概念或事物,進而引發喜劇效果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Billig, 2005)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。與優越論和釋放論相比,不和諧論強調人理性的認知層面,排除情感和心理因素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Meyer(2000)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">認為不和諧論的幽默遊走在挑戰社會規範的邊緣地帶,它以一種可被社會大眾接受的方式違背社會常理進而製造差異,這種差異不具有過分的威脅性但也不過份世俗。此類幽默近似於周安華</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(1993)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">所說的岔道式幽默與語配式幽默,岔道式幽默製造主觀預想和客觀結果之間的巨大落差,引導接收者的思路和情緒,最後再一語道破,製造驚喜;而語配式幽默則是玩弄語言文字的矛盾與不一致性,讓人們大吃一驚進而發笑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">3. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">釋放論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Relief Theory) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">釋放論認為笑聲是一種釋放的途徑,笑允許人們將平時被禁止的想法和能量宣洩出來,因此幽默就像是一個安全閥機制,讓人們正大光明的嘲笑他們害怕的事物,政治笑話特別與人們的恐懼和焦慮有關</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Rybacki, 1991)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。釋放論雖然源於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Spencer</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,但直到佛洛伊德在《笑話及其與無意識的關係》</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">一書中深入解析釋放論,該理論才為人所熟知</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Critchley, 2002)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">釋放論的主要論點是,笑聲經常伴隨著一種脫離拘束的抒發。「如果這個尊貴的、肅穆的、莊重的屬性受到貶抑,那一瞬間我們就從慣性的拘束狀態中解放出來,獲得快樂。突然釋放的能量激流通過全身。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Bain, 1865)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">因此釋放論的幽默帶有攻擊性和反叛性,透過譏諷和反諷,人們因而獲得瞬間逃離的自由,當人們揶揄平時不該揶揄的對象時,這種釋放性的愉悅尤其強烈,笑聲就像是對社會秩序的反叛,挑戰社會規範</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Billig, 2005)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。因此釋放論的幽默情境時常是倉皇失措或是與爭議性議題相關的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Meyer, 2000)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">行為</span></h3>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">「有幽默感的女人,不是會說笑话的女人。是聽男人講話時,笑得出的女人。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">—</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">蔡澖</span>。</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">女性不需要幽默就能吸引人,而讚揚男性幽默就像是說女性漂亮一樣,換句話說,幽默就是男人的外表。德國研究發現,女人喜歡找一個懂得逗樂她的男人,男人則喜歡找能被自己的把戲逗樂的女人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Eric R. Bressler
& Rod A. Martin & Sigal Balshine, 2006; Walker, 1988)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。因而當陌生男女進行自然交談的時候,女人笑的燦爛程度預示男人約她的欲望,而男人笑的燦爛程度則與他對女人的性趣無關。因此男人在他想交往的女人面前,總是設法把她逗笑,就像雄孔雀開屏示愛一樣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">生理基礎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">根據史丹佛大學的研究,男女的幽默反應系統大部分是相同的,我們同時運用語意知識的部份,但女性大腦的左前額葉皮層更活躍,這表示女人的大腦更注重語言的執行性加工、獎勵中樞更靈敏。研究還補充了一點:雖然獎勵更靈敏,但期待沒有男性更高。這也解釋了為什麼通常女性的笑點比較低、較容易被逗樂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">女性天生喜愛幽默。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">演化意義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">性</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">幽默時常會涉及到性,這樣的玩笑來自的認知是:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">人生不過是一場必敗的努力,錢和名利無法遏制陽物的逐日疲軟。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">男性在繁衍上所需負的責任較小,足以開玩笑的空間因此越大。但女性肩負繁衍任務、不能隨意放棄,因此不能像男人那樣肆無忌憚的談論性的幽默。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">父系霸權</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">看似無害的幽默從來就不是中性客觀的,在古今中外的歷史中,女人的幽默始終無法取得一席之地,陽剛的幽默被視為正統的幽默,這種幽默場域中的性別不平等,造成女諧星比男諧星更難成功博取觀眾認同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">演化意義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">擇偶</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">研究者發現,在男女互不熟悉時,男人的幽默感往往代表著聰明、善於溝通、生存能力強。一個女人若能懂得男人的幽默,則代表她溫柔、善解人意(有助扶養後代)。一般來說,由於男性被認為必須在社會中保有競爭力,因此他們比起女性更常展現幽默感</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Weisfeld, Nowak,
Lucas, Weisfeld, Imamoğlu, Butovskaya, Shen et.al, 2011)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。因此有人認為幽默本身就是男性的特質,這表示他可以解決自己的問題,所以女性不願展現自己幽默的一面。就因為幽默被認為是聰明的標誌、是男人優越感取之不竭的泉源,所以女性便只好做聽眾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">而幽默的女人往往會讓男人感到不安,因為這證明她聰明。所以,對單身女人而言,幽默這個武器最好慎用,我們也常有機會看到女性用幽默來武裝自己。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">李欣宜(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)</span> :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">在《我們一家訪問人》</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">節目中,男藝人張兆志被王偉忠問及如果自己的女朋友很愛耍寶,他的感受如何,張兆志搖頭表示他會覺得不太舒服,因為他不喜歡女朋友蓋過自己的鋒芒。言下之意他理想中的女性伴侶最好不要搶他鋒頭,不那麼幽默搞笑。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">統計數據</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">然而,根據統計數據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Norman P. LI et.al, 2002)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,女性對於幽默感有穩定、顯著的需求,但卻不是最重要的判斷條件。在十個特質中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(physical
attractiveness, creativity, friendliness/sociability, intelligence, work ethic,
interesting personality, romance, sense of humor, special nonwork-related
talents, yearly income)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">女性看重智力、年收入、友善、有趣個性勝於幽默感;而男性看重外表、智力、有趣個性、創造力及幽默感。性別差異並不顯著。(請參照下表,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Norman P. LI et.al, 2002</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><br /></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">補充:幽默的作用並不是我所關注的重點,但既然題為幽默概論,便在此稍微提及。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">生理健康上,研究指出笑可促進血液循環、增加免疫力、亦有助於疾病的恢復及提升個體的痛覺閾限</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Cousins,1979; Fry, 1992;
Hudak, Dale, Hudak & DeGood,1991)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">;在人際關係方面,幽默感有助於人際互動,對人際間可能發生的衝突和磨擦具有潤滑的功能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Kuiper &
Olinger, 1998; Nezlek & Derks, 2001)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">;在壓力調節方面,幽默感對壓力具有緩衝作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(stress buffering effects)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">或調節作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(stress-moderating effects)(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">何茉如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, 1998; Kuiper &
Olinger, 1998 ; Martin & Lefcourt, 1983)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。幽默感具有正向機制,在面臨壓力時可使個體免於將注意力放在負向的想法上,知覺較少的壓力,降低壓力所帶來的不利影響</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Deaner &</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">McConatha, 1993; Kuiper, Martin & Olinger, 1993; Kuiper & Olinger,
1998)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">;在生活品質提昇方面,幽默感具有正向提昇作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(positive enhancement
effects)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,可使人們以正向的態度面對人生與自我</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Kuiper, Martin &
Dance, 1992)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,亦促使人們保有正向的情緒,消除負向情緒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Fredrickson &
Levenson, 1998; Kuiper & Martin, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1993; Kuiper & Martin, 1998; Carmen &
Margaret, 1999)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<h3>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">參考資料與文獻</span></h3>
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.xinli001.com/info/8398/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">幽默,男人的專利?</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://chuansongme.com/n/217704" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">男女幽默大不同</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://health.dbw.cn/system/2012/11/09/054359591.shtml" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">揭密男人為什麼不喜歡幽默的女人</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://health.people.com.cn/GB/17236694.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">男人不逗,女人不愛</span></a></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Li,
N.P., Bailey, J.M., Kenrick, D.T., & Linsenmeier, J.A.W. (2002). The
necessities and luxuries of mate preferences: Testing the tradeoffs.<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6)</span></i>,
947-955.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">李欣宜(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)。幽默的性別權力—綜藝節目女諧星形象建構初探</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">陳淑蓉,陳學志(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">2005</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)。幽默感的定義與測量:多向度幽默感量表之編製。應用心理研究,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">26</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">期,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">2005</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">夏,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">167-187</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">頁</span></span> </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">後記</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">這篇完全沒有獨創性的論點,主要在整理現有的文獻資料試圖理解問題。本來目標是藉由參考資料激發靈感以解釋問題,但發現參考資料解釋令人滿意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">定義與本質與動機及部分內容引用自:幽默的性別權力—綜藝節目女諧星形象建構初探。特別建議對擇偶條件有興趣者閱讀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The necessities and luxuries of mate preferences: Testing
the tradeoffs</span><span style="font-family: "仿宋","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 仿宋; mso-hansi-font-family: 仿宋;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">一文</span></span><span style="font-family: "仿宋","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 仿宋; mso-hansi-font-family: 仿宋;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。</span></span><br />
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---20140705<br />
Vsauce:幽默與發笑(3:54)
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番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4657449099167923917.post-69802360956892249982014-02-05T23:52:00.000+08:002014-02-08T19:09:29.847+08:00論希望:負期望值行為的由來與價值 為什麼人會願意買樂透,就算知道期望值是負的,他們仍然買?而這樣的行為是否真的合適?又是如何產生的?<br />
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這種行為來自於人在原始社會中因應資訊不足的情況,因為沒辦法每件事都估算機率與代價而產生的演化策略。舉例來說:一個原始部落決定是否要搬遷,他們因為不知道找到新居所的機會多寡,更不知道新居所的好壞程度,故無法決策是否要搬遷及計算其期望值。<br />
因此人有一種機制,這便是希望的由來,讓人在資訊不足的情況下能踏出新的一步,而這在原始社會中是有助人類發展的<sup>[1]</sup>。<br />
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問題出在現實社會中資訊不足的情況變少了,而我們常可以明確計算出期望值,但人還是保留追求希望的行為特色。因此有賭徒。<br />
但也因此有偉人。<br />
然而機率本身不會變,我們可以從「偉人」和「未成為偉人而失敗的人」的比例略知一二。<br />
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這樣的機制在現在的環境中使許多人做出不明智的決策,例如前例的買樂透(做公益成分可以其他方式代替)與賭徒心理。但如果換個角度,就結果論容易讓人誤解是好的決策,例如僥倖成功的生意人或股東,他們的負期望值行為或許恰巧發生在低機率高報酬的結果,而人們會稱它是勇敢放手一搏或預測精準(事實上他們無法預測),但此行為仍然是不適當的。<sup>[2]</sup><br />
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一個常見、簡化後的例子是:假設現在只有告白與放棄兩種選擇,且確定告白後會當不成朋友(完全負報酬),且告白成功的機率低,則依據期望值計算我們不應告白。但此時告白有希望效果(低機率高報酬),許多人仍會選擇告白,而這是明顯不理智的。<sup>[3]</sup><br />
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然而希望並不是因此就沒有價值的,由上而論,在資訊不足的情況下藉由希望的判斷有可能是有益的。<br />
雖希望與信念所產生的動機驅力是不易估算的,可以藉由產生希望而增加某困難行為達成的可能性,但這種希望與上述的希望稍有不同,這種希望是「相信會成功」,但上述的希望類似於「覺得有可能成功」,兩者在語意上不同,無法比較。但有其價值是無法否認的。<br />
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<sup>[1]</sup> 不一定有助少數群體發展,但有助全人類,因為無論其負報酬多高,都不致於使人類滅絕;就算得到高報酬的機率很低,只要有此機制就會有人得到高報酬。<br />
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<sup>[2]</sup> 我們不能因為「相信」負期望值行為會發生在機率很低但報酬很高的事件上便從事,因為信念不會改變機率,儘管機率非零。若你對我斷言此行為「不適當」有意見,請換個角度想,從事一件容易失敗的行為是否適當?若我現在跳樓有極低機率學會飛翔,我是否該跳樓?(不跳我學會飛的機率幾乎是零吧)<br />
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<sup>[3]</sup> 「有告白才有機會」、「不告白機率再低都不會發生」便是只看成功情況的片面計算。但許多情況沒有這麼單純,例如有不告白繼續培養感情此選擇,若要反駁請先確定假設是否相同。<br />
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<b>後記</b><br />
這篇計畫要打非常久了,但一直因為不確定演化基礎而無法下筆,儘管最後我的論點是無法找到證據支持的,但應該是十分合理的。目前沒有看過類似論點,所以應該是原創,但推測有許多相同的看法。<br />
感謝F.C.與我討論使我產生演化基礎是資訊不足的靈感,不知為何一直沒有想到。<br />
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---20140208<br />
在原文中我提出的是原始資訊不足的環境使人演化出追求希望的負期望值行為。經過朋友們的未看發表意見後,我發現資訊不足所含括的情況實在很多,但仍缺少了「正確推論」,如同我在:<a href="http://z0fu6.blogspot.tw/2014/01/causal-cognitioncausal-process-theory.html" target="_blank">心物因果理論</a>中所提到的心理因果關係符合物理因果關係的充分非必要概括條件中的條件c:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. 資訊充足且正確的causal reasoning:使用正確的知識邏輯推理。</span></i></blockquote>
而雖原文的重點集中在「追求希望的負期望值行為」而非「負期望值行為」,但就負期望值行為而論,我發現準確的說,<b>資訊不足</b>或<b>錯誤推論</b>(~c)可能是產生負期望值行為的主要原因(充分非必要)。<br />
我們產生錯誤推論的可能性有很多,例如因為人注意到了樂透中獎的情況,或新聞媒體的報導集中於此,使人高估中獎的機率,造成期望值的誤判。吳宗霖:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006391:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body"><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006391:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0"><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006391:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0.$end:0:$4:0">這一波彩券潮,有一部分也歸因於媒體的推波助瀾。雖然正反面例子都有,不過記者在報導時總是將中獎案例擺在前面,虧本的擺在後頭。</span></span></span></span></i> </span></blockquote>
或是從眾及迷信的行為。空心菜:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006394:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body"><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006394:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0"><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006394:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0.$end:0:$20:0">前次結果的錯誤因果推論導致的迷信行為</span></span></span> 。</i></span></blockquote>
甚至包括心理成癮,這些都屬於錯誤推論。呂欣璟:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006457:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body"><span class="UFICommentBody" data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006457:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0"><i><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006457:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0.0"><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006457:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0.0.$end:0:$0:0">擁有希望的感覺會成癮</span><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006457:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0.0.$end:0:$2:0">,就像抽菸一樣,</span><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006457:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0.0.$end:0:$4:0">明知期望值為負而為之。</span></span></i></span></span></span></blockquote>
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而資訊不足亦可能有許多原因,包括自己沒注意到,陳奕凱:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006350:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body"><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006350:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0"><span data-reactid=".5d.1:3:1:$comment535077236612443_3006350:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.0:$comment-body.0.$end:0:$2:0">我覺得人在面對利益抉擇的時候,會傾向注意有利於自己的部分,而非理性的負期望值造成損失。例如賭徒會看到一點點贏錢的機會,而不是看到大部分可能會輸錢的結果</span></span></span>。</i></span></blockquote>
最後感謝這些回應的朋友們:陳奕凱、吳宗霖、空心菜、呂欣璟。(依留言次序排列)番茄http://www.blogger.com/profile/13618921389962233703noreply@blogger.com0